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Changer De Nom, Simplement

GUY VIAU:Marcel Duchamp, quel pouvoir attribuez-vous à l’humour ?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Un grand pouvoir: I’humour était une sorte de sauvetage pour ainsi dire, car jusque-là l’art était une chose tellement sérieuse, tellement pontificale que j’étais trés heureux quand j’ai découvert que je pouvais y introduire l’humour. Et ça a été vraiment une époque de découverte. La découverte de I’humour a été une libération. Et non pas l’humour dans le sens «humoriste» d’humour, «humor» humoristique d’humour. L’humour est une chose beaucoup plus profonde et plus sérieuse et plus difficile à définir. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de rire. Il y a un humour qui est I’humour noir, qui ne rit pas et qui ne pleure pas non plus. Qui est une chose en soi, qui est un nouveau sentiment pour ainsi dire, qui découle de toutes sortes de choses que nous ne pouvons pas analyser par les mots.
G.V.: Est-ce qu’il y a une grande part de révolte dans cet humour?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Une grande part de révolte, une grande part de dérision sur le mot sérieux, tout à fait sujet à caution, naturellement. Et c’est seulement par l’humour que vous pouvez en sortir, que vous vous libérez.
G.V.: Et en quoi l’humour est-il noir ?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Noir, c’est une façon de parler, puisqu’il fallait donner une couleur. Évidemment il n’y avait pas de couleur plus explicative, parce que noir est le sombre, le sombre de cet humour en fait une chose presque méchante au lieu d’être aimable et dangereuse. C’est presque comme une sorte de dynamite, n’est-ce pas, de l’esprit. Et c’est pour ça qu’on l’a appelé noir. Noir n’a aucun sens, mais c’est un peu comme le drapeau noir de l’anarchie, si vous voulez, des choses comme ça. Le noir généralement a pris ce côté sombre et enterrement qu’on est obligé d’accepter, puis voilà tout.
G.V.: V Vous avez dit quelque part que la réalité possible s’obtient en distendant un peu les lois physiques et chimiques. Qu’est-ce que vous voulez dire par là?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Par là, c’est simplement l’idée qu’il est facile de croire qu’en frottant une allumette on obtient du feu, enfin que la cause amène l’effet. Mais je trouve que les lois physiques telles qu’elles sont, telles qu’elles nous sont enseignées, ne sont pas forcément la vérité. Nous y croyons ou les expérimentons chaque jour, mais je crois qu’il est possible de considérer l’existence d’un univers où ces lois seraient étendues, changées un tout petit peu, exactement limitées. Et par conséquent on obtient immédiatement des résultats extraordinaires et différents et qui ne sont certainement pas loin de la vérité, parce que, Après tout, tous les cent ans ou tous les deux cents ans un nouveau physicien arrive qui change toutes les lois, n’est-ce pas? Après Newton, il y en a d’autres et même il y en aura d’autres après Einstein, n’est-ce pas, il faut s’attendre à ce changement des lois en question, donc.
G.V.: Mais toute votre activité, je pense, a tendu vers ce possible au-delà de l’immédiat?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Sûrement. En tout cas, sans être un scientifique moi-même, on peut avec l’espoir arriver à obtenir des résultats parallèles à l’influence, si vous voulez, dans l’art. Et qui donne des résultats satisfaisants en tout cas… satisfaisants, dans le sens du nouveau de la chose, qui apparaît comme une chose qui n’a jamais été vue avant. Du non-déjà-vu.
G.V.: Cela dit, Marcel Duchamp, vous n’en fûtes pas moins au début de votre carrière un impressionniste comme tout le monde.
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Oui, absolument comme tous les jeunes. Un homme jeune ne peut pas être un vieil homme, c’est impossible. Il faut passer par la filière des influences. On est obligé d’être influencé et on accepte cette influence très normalement. D’abord on ne s’en rend pas compte. La première chose à savoir: on ne se rend pas compte qu’on est influencé. On croit déjà être libéré et on est loin de l’être! Alors il faut l’accepter et attendre que la libération vienne d’elle-même, si elle doit jamais venir, parce que certaines gens ne l’obtiennent jamais, ne la voient jamais venir.
G.V.: Mais on a dit que vous aviez fait ces expériences impressionnistes un peu pour vous prouver que vous pouviez Ies faire…
MAPCEL DUCHAMP: Non, non…
G.V.: … comme un tour de force.
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Non, je ne crois pas que ce soit exact. Si vous voulez, quand on peint comme un impressionniste à 17 ans ou à 16 ans, on est déjà tellement content de peindre, puisqu’on aime ça, qu’il n’y a pas d’analyse, de self-analyse qui explique pourquoi on fait ceci plutôt que cela et surtout on ne sait jamais ces choses-là que quarante ans après.
G.V.: Et qu’est-ce à ce moment-là que la Section d’Or?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: La Section d’Or date déjà de 1912. Ça a été un petit salon qui eut lieu une année seulement, où se sont réunis tous les cubistes de cette époque-là, sauf Picasso et Braque, qui sont restés dans leur coin. Il y avait une sorte, déjà, de scission entre deux groupes de cubistes. Et alors là nous avons fait, grâce, avec Picabia, à mon frère Jacques Villon… toute une exposition de tableaux qui a eu beaucoup de succès, avec Apollinaire. Apollinaire, je crois, a fait une conférence pour présenter les jeunes peintres qui, à ce moment-là, étaient des iconoclastes, comme bien vous pensez.
G.V.: Et ce cubisme, est-ce qu’il ne se teintait pas, si je puis dire… d’un peu de futurisme?

click to enlarge
Nude Descending
Figure 1
Marcel Duchamp,
Nude Descending a
Staircase, No. 2
, 1912

MARCEL DUCHAMP:Oui, il y avait une parenté en tout cas. L’époque était faite pour ça. Il y avait une chose un peu différente chez les futuristes, qui était la préoccupation de rendre un mouvement, de rendre le mouvement. D’essayer, si on rend le mouvement, de le rendre d’une façon impressionniste, c’est-à-dire naturaliste, de donner l’illusion du mouvement, ce qui était une erreur en soi, puisqu’on ne rend pas une chose, on ne rend pas le mouvement–d’une façon réaliste–par un tableau statique, n’est ce pas? Ce n’est pas possible. D’où ça a échoué, parce que c’était la continuation de l’idée impressionniste attribuée au mouvement. Tandis que, par exemple, dans mon cas, où j’ai voulu faire la même chose avec le Nu descendant l’escalier, (Fig. 1) c’était un peu différent. Je me rendais très bien compte que je ne pouvais pas rendre l’illusion du mouvement dans un tableau statique. Je me suis donc contenté de faire un état de chose, un état de mouvement, si vous voulez, comme le cinéma le fait, mais sans le déroulement du cinéma comme le film le fait. À superposer l’une sur l’autre.
G.V.: Chacune de ses phases?
MARCEL DUCHAMP:
Chacune de ses phases… indiquée d’une façon complètement graphique
et non pas à intention de donner l’illusion du mouvement.
G.V.: Et c’est ce Nu descendant l’escalier qui a fait sensation à l’Armory Show en 1913.
MARCEL DUCHAMP: C’est cela.
G.V.: … à New York.
MARCEL DUCHAMP:Et ça a eu une sorte de succés-scandale qui a été d’ailleurs tel, que beaucoup de gens ont connu le Nu descendant l’escalier soi-disant et ils n’ont jamais connu qui l’avait fait. Et ça ne les intéresse absolument pas de savoir qui était le peintre. Parce que le tableau les intéressait pour le tableau et c’était la seule chose qui les intéressait, de sorte que j’ai été complètement… comment dirais-je…
G.V.: … ignoré.
MARCEL DUCHAMP:… ignoré du public, parce que le public connaissait mon œuvre sans savoir qui j’étais ou que j’existais.
G.V.: Est-ce que c’est à partir de ce moment-là que vous renoncez plus ou moins à la notion traditionnelle de tableau?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Oui, c’est vers 1913, vers 1912, et c’est en 1913 que j’ai commencé à douter même de mon cubisme. J’ai commencé à… j’étais probablement trés difficile à satisfaire à ce moment-là, je suppose… Et quand j’ai fait un an ou deux de ces choses-là, j’ai déjà pensé que c’était la fin, que ça ne menait pas trop loin, excepté que ça aurait pu faire beaucoup d’argent peut-être si j’avais continué. Mais alors, j’ai déjà changé d’idée en 1913, et je me suis trouvé engagé dans une autre forme d’expression où la peinture perd de sa priorité, si vous voulez. L’idée pour moi a été, à ce moment-là, de faire intervenir la matière grise en opposition à la rétine. Pour moi la rétine est une chose qui durait déjà depuis Courbet. Avec Courbet et après le Romantisme, toute la série des cent ans de peinture ou d’art plastique était basée sur l’impression rétinienne.
G.V.: Pour vous, depuis cent ans c’est donc que la peinture n’était pas uniquement rétinienne.
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Non, pas du tout, loin de là, au contraire. Tout ce qui représente la peinture religieuse, la peinture depuis la Renaissance, toute la Renaissance italienne, est entièrement matière grise, si j’ose employer ce terme quand je veux dire par là que l’idée était de glorifier une religion, la religion catholique, le Dieu catholique ou autre, enfin, mais le côté peinture lui-même, le côté rétinien du tableau était très secondaire… plus que secondaire… c’était I’idée qui importait à ce moment-là. Et c’est ce qui est arrivé, ce qui m’est arrivé à ce moment-là en 1912 ou 1913 avec l’idée de vouloir changer ou du moins me débarrasser de l’héritage rétinien des cent dernières années.
G.V.: Vous dites à ce moment-là: «Les tableaux ont de la poussière au derrière.»
MARCEL DUCHAMP: C’est ce qui m’a fait dire des choses comme ça parce qu’il fallait se débarrasser et obtenir une autre ouverture sur d’autres paysages pour ainsi dire.
G.V.: Est-ce à ce moment-là, Marcel Duchamp, qu’intervient Dada?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Non, c’est déjà plus loin. C’est déjà après. Je parle de 1912 et en 1912 quand j’ai déjà élaboré l’idée de la Mariée mise à nu par le céliba… par les célibataires, c’était encore sans teinte de dadaïsme. Il y avait évidemment en germe des choses semblables au dadaïsme, mais ça n’avait pas le caractère organisé d’un mouvement comme le dadaïsme l’a été en 1916, 1917 et 1918. Il y avait déjà des annonces d’un mouvement tel et même dans la Mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même il y a des détails ou des développements qui sont du domaine dadaïste. Mais c’était quand même une chose beaucoup plus large d’esprit qu’une chose tendancieuse comme le dadaïsme l’était… Après tout, le dadaïsme était une tendance à se débarrasser d’une façon violente des choses acceptées et admises. Mais là c’était encore une chose personnelle qui me concernait seulement, de faire un tableau ou une œuvre quelconque avec ma responsabilité seule et non pas un manifeste d’ordre général. Après, vers 1916, 1917 en effet, le dadaïsm est intervenu et j’y ai collaboré, parce que ça entrait tout à fait dans mes vues.

click to enlarge
The Bride Stripped Bare
by Her Bachelors
Figure 2
Marcel Duchamp,
The Bride Stripped Bare
by Her Bachelors,
Even
, 1915-23

G.V.: Alors si vous voulez nous reviendrons au dadaïsme tout à l’heure. J’aimerais bien que vous nous parliez davantage de la Mariée mise à nu par ses Célibataires, même. (Fig. 2) Quelle est la clef de ce tableau? J’ai cru lire d’André Breton qu’il y avait un fil d’Ariane au tableau.
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Il n’y a pas un fil d’Ariane, il y a le fait que dès l’abord le tableau n’est pas conçu comme une toile sur laquelle vous mettez de la peinture. Le tableau est comme un morceau de verre. D’abord, il est peint sur verre, sur lequel est en effet peint: de la peinture à l’huile est peinte, mais les formes qui y sont sont d’abord vues avec l’idée de transparence. L’idée de toile disparaît. Pour déjà me satisfaire, me satisfaire dans l’idée que le tableau n’est pas un tableau, c’est-à-dire un châssis avec de la toile dessus et des clous autour. J’ai voulu me débarrasser de ça, qui est une impression physique. Après cela, chaque partie du tableau, de ce verre, avait été préparée minutieusement avec des idées et non pas avec des coups de crayon. Des idées inscrites sur des petits papiers au fur et à mesure qu’elles venaient. Et finalement quelques années après j’ai réuni toutes ces idées dans une boîte qui s’appelle la Boîte verte, et qui sont des petits papiers… découpés ou déchirés, plutôt, que j’ai fait déchirer pour en faire une édition de 300 exemplaires et qui sont dans la même forme que les papiers déchirés originaux et dans lesquels presque toutes les idées qui sont dans ce grand verre sont écrites, ou indiquées, en tout cas.
G.V.: Quels sont les principaux protagonistes de Dada à ce moment-là?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Les premières manifestations de Dada eurent lieu à Zürich en 1916, avec Tzara et Arp et Huelsenbeck et c’est à peu près tout. Et ça a duré deux ou trois ans. Après ça, Tzara est venu à Paris, où il a fait la connaissance de Breton, Aragon… plusieurs autres qui sont devenus les Dada de Paris. La différence est que, à Zürich, il n’y a pas eu vraiment de grande manifestation publique, c’est-à-dire il y avait un Cabaret Voltaire avec des manifestations, mais plus ou moins privées, de cabaret. A Paris, ça a pris une ampleur plus grande et Breton et Aragon ont fait des manifestations dans des salles comme la salle Gaveau, où vraiment le public est venu et en masse avec l’idée de chahuter, pour ainsi dire, trés copieusement. Et d’ailleurs, c’est ce qui a fait toute l’histoire de Dada. Pendant trois ans il y a eu des manifestations différentes dans chacune des grandes salles de Paris, et ça ne s’est terminé que vers 1920, 1922 ou 1923, quand vraiment il y a eu des dissensions internes entre les différents dadaïstes, qui n’étaient plus contents. Chacun voulant être le grand protagoniste, naturellement il y a eu des fâcheries. Ils se sont fâchés et Breton a décidé de commencer une autre chose qui s’appelait le Surréalisme. D’ailleurs le nom «Surréalisme» avait été donné par Apollinauire sans le savoir à une pièce qui s’appelle les Mamelles de Tirésias, donnée pendant la guerre à Paris dans un petit théâtre et ça s’appelait, je crois, Drame surréaliste. Mais en tout cas le mot «Surréalisme» a été… fabriqué par Apollinaire et il ne savait pas que ça allait prendre tellement d’importance, j’en suis sûr, quand il y a pensé.
G.V. : Et votre amitié avec Picabia remonte à ce moment-là?
MARCEL DUCHAMP:Oh oui! Picabia naturellement était un des grands, a été pour ainsi dire le go-between, il est différent parce qu’il était à New York et nous avons déjà connu Dada en 1916 à New York quand il était ici et ensuite il a quitté New York en 17-18, il est allé à Barcelone. De là, il est allé en Suisse. Il est allé en Suisse où il a fait la connaissance de Tzara. Tzara et lui sont revenus à Paris, se sont liés d’amitié avec Breton et vraiment le mouvement a commencé là. D’ailleurs, c’est ce qui n’a pas été approuvé par les Dada allemands, qui, eux, voulaient en faire une chose complètement politique et d’ordre politique seulement, dans le sens communiste du mot.
G.V. : Vous parliez de manifestations Dada. C’était quoi, ces manifestations là ? C’étaient des manifestes, ou quoi?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Non. C’étaient des manifestations théâtrales. Ah non! C’était sur la scène, par exemple dans la salle Gaveau qui n’est pas une scène, mais enfin c’est tout de même la scène où l’orchestre s’assoit pour jouer les concerts. Il y avait des pièces de théâtre fabriquées pour l’occasion par Breton, par Ribemont-Dessaignes, par des gens comme ça, qui étaient jouées avec des décors appropriés, c’est-à-dire des bonnets de coton, des entonnoirs, tout ce qu’il y avait comme fantaisie… imaginative.
G.V.: Marcel Ducharnp, qu’est-ce qu’un ready-made?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Un ready-made (rire), c’est d’abord le mot inventé que j’ai pris pour désigner une œuvre d’art qui n’en est pas une. Autrement dit, qui n’est pas une œuvre faite à la main. Faite par la main de l’artiste. C’est une œuvre d’art qui devient œuvre d’art par le fait que je la déclare ou que l’artiste la déclare œuvre d’art, sans qu’il y ait aucune participation de la main de l’artiste en question pour la faire. Autrement dit, c’est un objet tout fait, l’on trouve, et généralement un objet de métal… plus qu’un tableau en général.
G.V.: Voulez-vous donner un exemple d’un ready-made à l’état pur?


click to enlarge
Fountain
Figure 3
Marcel Duchamp,
Fountain, 1917
Photograph by Alfred
Stieglitz (1917)
L.H.O.O.Q.
Figure 4
Marcel Duchamp,
L.H.O.O.Q., 1919

MARCEL DUCHAMP: Nous avons… l’urinal, que j’avais exposé aux Indépendants de 1917 à New York et qui est une chose que j’avais achetée simplement chez M. Mutt Works, et que j’avais signé Richard Mutt. (Fig. 3)
Et qui a été d’ailleurs refusé par les Indépendants, qui ne sont pas supposés refuser quoi que ce soit. Mais enfin, ils l’ont refusé, ils l’ont jeté derrière une partition et j’ai été obligé de le retrouver après l’exposition pour ne pas le perdre.
G.V.: Mais il y a ce que vous appelez des ready-made «aidés».
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Alors dans le «ready-made aidé», c’est justement un objet dans le même genre auquel l’artiste ajoute quelque chose comme la moustache à la Joconde, (Fig. 4) qui est une chose ajoutée et qui donne un caractère spécial (rire) à la Joconde, on va dire.
G.V.: Est-ce que vous avez pensé à ajouter un titre à ce tableau?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Mais ça, je n’ose pas vous en donner la traduction, même en anglais.
(rires)
G.V.: Et qu’est-ce qu’un «ready-made réciproque», maintenant?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Un «ready-made réciproque»… ça a été le cas de… ça n’a pas été fait, mais ça aurait pu être fait. C’est de prendre un Rembrandt et de s’en servir comme planche à repasser, n’est-ce pas, c’est réciproque par le fait que le tableau devient le ready-made d’un vrai tableau fait par Rembrandt, qui devient un ready-made pour en repasser les chemises, comprenez-vous?
(rires)
G.V.: Je pense que vous avez toujours été… un esprit intransigeant, votre œuvre a été rare, cet acte rare, mais vous l’avez réunie dans une espèce de musée portatif…

click to enlarge
Boite Series F
Figure 5
Marcel Duchamp,
Boite Series F, 1941

MARCEL DUCHAMP:Oui, j’avais fait une grande boîte, la Boîte en valise, (Fig. 5)
c’est-à-dire une boîte qui était en carton plus ou moins avec toutes les reproductions des choses que j’avais faites, à peu près, tout ce que j’ai pu retrouver en tout cas, et ça ne représente d’ailleurs que 90 ou 95… articles et j’en avais fait faire une reproduction et j’ai… en couleur, en noir et il y a même trois petits ready-made qui sont en dimension réduite de l’original, qui sont la machine à écrire, l’ampoule d’air de Paris que j’avais apportée à mon ami Arensberg comme souvenir. J’avais fait remplir une ampoule, d’air de Paris, c’est-à-dire j’avais simplement fait ouvrir une ampoule et laissé l’air entrer tout seul et fermé l’ampoule et rapporté à New York comme cadeau d’amitié, en tout cas. Et il y a aussi des jeux de mots.
G.V.: Je pense que c’est là une de vos spécialités.
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Oui, je ne sais pas si vous vous les rappelez… je ne me les rappelle pas toujours par cœur, mais enfin je vais vous en lire un ou deux:
«Avez-vous déjà mis la moelle de l’épée dans le poil de l’aimée?»
II faut lire très lentement, parce que c’est comme des jeux de mots, il faut…
G.V.: (rire)
MARCEL DUCHAMP: «Nous estimons les ecchymoses des esquimaux aux mots exquis.»
Ça faisait partie des choses qui tournent avec un moteur. Et un autre encore:
«Inceste ou passion de famille à coups trop tires.»
G.V.: (rire)
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Et ensuite:
«Moustiques domestiques demi-stock pour la cure d’azote sur la Côte d’Azur.»
G.V.: (rire)
MARCEL DUCHAMP:
Il y en a encore un autre:
«Le système métrite
par un temps blenorrhagieux.»
G.V.: (rire)
MARCEL DUCHAMP:
Qu’est-ce qu’il y a encore?
«Parmi nos articles
de quincaillerie paresseuse, Rrose Sélavy et moi recommandons le robinet
qui s’arrête de couler quand on ne l’écoute pas.»
G.V.: Quelle
gentillesse! Et, dites, ce nom de Rrose Sélavy revient souvent dans
vos œuvres. Qu’est-ce que ça veut dire, Rrose Sélavy?
MARCEL DUCHAMP:En 1920, j’ai décidé que ça ne me suffisait pas d’être un seul individu avec un nom masculin, j’ai voulu changer mon nom pour changer, pour les ready-made surtout, pour faire une autre personnalité de moi-même, comprenez-vous, changer de nom, simplement. Et c’est un…
G.V.: Vous
parlez de la négation du dadaïsme. Quelle a été l’affirmation surréaliste?
Qu’cst-ce que ça a été…
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Il y a eu beaucoup de points d’affirmation. Un des points importants, c’est l’importance du rêve. L’importance des poèmes oniriques et le côté freudien aussi, le côté interprétation self-analytique. Quoiqu’ils ne se soient pas complètement sentis élèves de Freud ou disciples de Freud du tout, mais ils se sont servis de Freud. Ils se sont servis de Freud comme un élément pour analyser leur subconscient, en tout cas.
G.V.:Et toutes ces œuvres surréalistes dont on a parlé tout à l’heure, est-ce qu’elles avaient, à ce moment-là, une valeur de préfiguration de…
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Oui, je crois. Toute œuvre écrite est empreinte d’un peu de surréalisme et toutes les œuvres, même une œuvre visuelle peinte. On sent que le peintre qui l’a faite a vu le surréalisme avant, même s’il l’a refusé, comprenez-vous.
G.V.: On a l’impression que le surréalisme a donné une nouvelle orientation tout à fait… trés nette à l’imagination de l’homme contemporain.
MARCEL DUCHAMP:Très nette, et je dis… c’est une scission absolue et comme toujours donnée par la littérature et par la peinture ou par les arts, cette scission aura des répercussions dans le monde actuel politique ou autre ou interplanétaire, presque.
G.V.: Le fait est que votre activité à vous, Marcel Duchamp, se soit déroulée aux États-Unis… est-ce que ça lui donnait cette activité, une urgence particulière, soit par contraste ou par…
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Non, le contraste a été pour moi personnel. La vie aux États-Unis a été beaucoup plus simple qu’en France, ou qu’en Europe. Parce que… il y a un respect de l’individu ici qu’il n’y a pas en Europe. L’individu n’est pas respecté en Europe. On force l’individu à entrer dans une catégorie, soit politique, soit de camarades, soit d’école, soit des choses. Ici vous êtes complètement seul si vous voulez l’être. Et il y a un respect de l’individu qui est remarquable, à mon avis.
G.V.: Et vous croyez que cette généreuse liberté… n’est pas compromise ici, qu’elle est sans danger pour l’instant?
MARCEL DUCHAMP: Beaucoup moins qu’ailleurs, en tout cas. Chez nous, un homme libre, ici, est un homme presque libre, tandis qu’en Europe il n’y a pas d’homme libre.
G.V.: Et vous croyez qu’il peut, qu’il pourre le demeurer longtemps, presque libre?MARCEL DUCHAMP: Probablement. On y reviendra, à l’homme libre, parce que… on ne pourra pas, on ne peut pas devenir des fourmis pour le plaisir de devenir des fourmis.

Figs. 7-12
©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris. All
rights reserved.

Deux morceaux de la filière hispanophone


click to enlarge
Duchamp

Figure 1
Photograph of Duchamp
taken by
Katherine
Dreier, Buenos Aires, 1918
Duchamp in
his
hammock
Figure 2
Man Ray, Photograph
of Duchamp in
his
hammock, date unknown

Chez Marcel Duchamp, la filière hispanophone passe d’une part par Buenos Aires, en Argentine, et le long séjour qu’il y fait en 1918-1919 (avec sa compagne Yvonne Chastel),(Figure 1) d’autre part par Cadaquès, en Espagne, et les séjours qu’il y fait en 1933 (avec sa compagne Mary Reynolds) puis de 1958 à 1968 (avec son épouse Alexina, dite Teeny).(Figure 2)

Bien qu’il n’y ait pas, pour cette filière, l’équivalent de ce qu’il y a pour les séjours de Duchamp dans l’Ouest des États-Unis en 1936, 1949 et 1963,(1)ou de ce qu’il y a pour le long séjour, en Argentine justement, de l’écrivain polonais Witold Gombrowicz, (2)
plusieurs analyses des oeuvres faites ou continuées durant ces séjours ainsi que plusieurs documents (correspondance, photographies, etc.) et témoignages relatifs à ces séjours ont été publiés.(3)
Une bibliographie regroupant ces éléments, cependant, manque.

Mais voici, mettant en scène des gens peu connus, sinon pas connus des duchampiens, deux brefs témoignages inédits à propos des années 1960.

 

I.

Conversation sans guillemets avec Grati Baroni.(4)

Grati Baroni et Jorge Piqueras, tous deux nés en 1925, ont quatre jeunes enfants lorsqu’ils rencontrent Teeny et Marcel Duchamp en 1960.

Cela s’est fait par le biais d’Emilio Rodríguez-Larraín, peintre péruvien, qui passait l’été à Llançà, près de Cadaquès, avec son ami Piqueras, peintre péruvien d’origine espagnole.

C’était en août, Francesca, notre dernier enfant (né le 10 juin), avait un peu moins de trois mois.(5)

Pendant huit ans, jusqu’à la mort de Marcel, les Piqueras et les Duchamp se sont vus à Cadaquès, à Paris et à Wissous, près d’Orly, Wissous où ils habitent de 1961 à 1966. Presque tous les jours à Cadaquès (sauf en juillet-août 1968, où Grati est à Rome pour une question familiale), et plusieurs fois quand les Duchamp étaient en France: chez eux et chez les Lebel quelquefois.

Nous gardions la voiture des Duchamp pendant qu’ils étaient aux États-Unis et c’est nous, plusieurs fois, qui, avec ou sans Jacqueline Matisse, la fille de Teeny, allions chercher les Duchamp à Orly lorsqu’ils arrivaient de New York.


click to enlarge
Faux-Vagin [
false Vagina]
Figure 3
Marcel Duchamp,
Faux-Vagin [
false Vagina], 1962-63
Faux-Vagin [false
Vagina]
Figure 4
Marcel Duchamp,
Faux-Vagin [false
Vagina],
1962-63, detail

C’est comme ça qu’un jour de 1962 ou de 1963, plutôt 1963 quand j’y repense, au retour de Cadaquès,(6) a été “ fait ” Faux-Vagin: (Figure 3) lors d’un repas à Wissous, comme une “ joke ”, sans papier officiel et sans inscription du titre sur l’oeuvre.(7) Juste une dédicace et une signature: “ pour Grati / affectueusement / Marcel ”. Et Teeny disant: “ Tiens, tu as un readymade! ”(Figure 4)

Vous ne pouvez pas imaginer les “ combines ”, les jeux de mots que Marcel faisait déjà avec la Volkswagen: “ Teeny est partie avec sa Faux-Vagin ”, par exemple(8)

Nous l’accompagnions dans les petits villages autour de Cadaquès où il allait afin de participer à des tournois d’échecs importants et où il gagnait très souvent.

Cette amitié a été une amitié tranquille, non intéressée. En 1961, on se tutoyait déjà; les années suivantes, l’amitié sera plus grande encore.

 

***

Baroni est un nom italien. Je suis née à Florence: une Florentine ne peut pas être naïve, elle peut décider d’être bonne, mais elle ne peut pas être naïve! Grati est un prénom probablement inventé par mon parrain, un prénom qui a toujours été utilisé à mon sujet et qui est devenu mon vrai prénom. Et Grati Baroni de Piqueras (avec un de), c’est mon nom d’épouse. Depuis la séparation, je suis redevenue Grati Baroni, tout simplement.

J’ai vécu en Italie, au Pérou (1952-1956), puis en France. J’ai une formation en histoire de l’art, mais sans le diplôme. J’ai été peintre très jeune, à partir de l’âge de 14 ans, jusque dans les années cinquante et soixante, puis j’ai recommencé après une interruption.

Marcel, terriblement concerné par tout ce qui est art contemporain, parlait avec moi de la peinture de la Renaissance. Tout, en ce sens, l’intéressait. Et il était très éveillé sur la beauté physique. Il nous aimait, je pense, pour le couple que nous étions, que nous formions: un couple symbiotique, “ mythique ”. On était très beaux.

Et je me souviens qu’il m’a raconté qu’un jour, il a 40, 41 ans, il est à New York et très en amour, il est devant un trou profond dans une rue qu’on répare; il est soûl et, voyant ce trou, d’un seul coup il dessoûle, et pour toujours!(9)

Marcel ayant été drôlement aidé (par Arensberg, Dreier, etc.), n’a-t-il pas voulu aider à son tour? Il a été très généreux pour Piqueras, par exemple, en lui présentant la galerie Staempfli. George et Emily Staempfli avaient une maison à Cadaquès. Je me souviens particulièrement d’un soir où les Dali, les Duchamp et nous, nous étions chez les Staempfli. Dali, le jour même sauf erreur, avait peint un petit tableau intitulé Le twist, une allusion à la danse qui faisait rage ces mois-là(10)

En revanche, je n’ai jamais été au courant de la démarche de Marcel pour Piqueras auprès de Noma et Bill Copley faite début juin 1964 et qui n’a pas donné de résultats.


click to enlarge
Check
Figure 5
Check from Marcel
Duchamp to Grati Piqueras,
December 20, 1967,
collection G. Baroni, Paris

Marcel était très généreux dans la connaissance, dans les conseils. Chaque Noël, il envoyait un chèque aux enfants et ce, jusqu’à la fin. Le dernier chèque, ce qui aura été le dernier chèque, le 20 décembre 1967, on ne l’a pas touché. Marcel était très généreux dans la connaissance, dans les conseils. Chaque Noël, il envoyait un chèque aux enfants et ce, jusqu’à la fin. Le dernier chèque, ce qui aura été le dernier chèque, le 20 décembre 1967, on ne l’a pas touché. ((Figure 5)

J’étais à Cadaquès le jour où Marcel a fait ce qui s’intitulera Medallic Sculpture. Cela s’est passé, si mes souvenirs sont bons, la même année que Man Ray est venu à Cadaquès voir Marcel. Dans son Autoportrait, il parle de ce séjour de 1961. Il s’agissait pour Marcel de trouver le moyen de “ boucher ” le bain-douche de son petit appartement: plutôt Bouche-douche, en effet, que Bouche-évier. (Figure
6)
Il a d’abord fait un modèle en plâtre, puis en plomb, et cela est resté un objet utilitaire pendant plusieurs années, en fait jusqu’à ce qu’il consente à autoriser la International Collectors Society de New York à en faire un objet d’art en 1967.

click images to enlarge

  • Bouche-évier
  • Bouche-évier
  • Figure 6 (recto)
  • Figure 6 (verso)
  • Marcel Duchamp, Bouche-évier
    [ Sink Stopper],1964, Collection
    Rhonda Roland Shearer
  • Marcel Duchamp, Bouche-évier
    [ Sink Stopper],
    1964, Collction Rhonda Roland Shearer

Cette année-là, Man Ray et Marcel s’étaient fait un téléphone avec des boîtes de conserves vides et une corde, afin de se parler–comme des enfants–depuis leur tour louée!

C’est à Paris en 1962, si je me souviens bien, que nous avons présenté Marcel à Gianfranco Baruchello, le peintre italien, lequel les invitera en Italie plusieurs fois par la suite.(11) Et ce dernier connaissait Arturo Schwarz qui travaillait déjà sur Duchamp.(12)En Europe, l’activité artistique de Duchamp, à cette époque en tout cas, n’était pas si connue.

Et nous avons présenté Baruchello au critique d’art Alain Jouffroy, déjà venu à Wissous dîner chez nous avec Marcel; Jouffroy écrira et sur Baruchello et sur Piqueras.(13)


click to enlarge
Aimer
tes héros
Figure 7
Marcel Duchamp, Aimer
tes héros [Love
Your Heros], 1963

C’est aussi à Paris, en 1962 je crois, que nous avons présenté Marcel à Bruno Alfieri, directeur de la revue mETRO et parrain de notre fille Francesca. On connaît la suite: le petit dessin intitulé M.É.T.R.O. (1963). (Figure
7)

C’est à Cadaquès en août 1962, par Marcel, que j’ai connu sa soeur Suzanne. J’ai sympathisé beaucoup avec elle. Elle m’a raconté bien des choses sur lui, entre autres que, lorsqu’ils étaient des enfants et des adolescents, ils avaient une complicité, une communion incroyable: elle pensait à une chose et il la concrétisait, et vice-versa, ils étaient à l’unisson.

Le 30 septembre 1968, deux jours avant sa mort: “ C’est vous, je veux vous voir seuls ”. Un message d’une affection énorme. Nous sommes allés dîner chez lui, à Neuilly.

Après sa mort, la relation s’est à peu près estompée. Notre rupture, Jorge et moi, a lieu en 1969, notre séparation en 1973. C’est bien plus tard, par notre fils Lorenzo, qu’a été repris le fil de l’amitié avec Teeny et Jacqueline qui ont beaucoup apprécié cette exposition, intitulées L’époque, la mode, la morale, la passion, à laquelle il a travaillé comme architecte.(14)

C’est après l’exposition Paris-New York,(15)où j’avais prêté une oeuvre de Suzanne Duchamp que j’aimais beaucoup, qu’Étienne-Alain Hubert est venu chez moi et a “ découvert ” la targue (Faux-Vagin), une chose privée, intime. On ne découvre pas une oeuvre chez moi. Elle sera exposée pour la première fois dans un musée au Japon en août-septembre 1981 et reproduite pour la première fois, bien qu’en noir & blanc, dans le catalogue de cette exposition.

Quand j’ai dû vendre ce readymade, et cela me faisait de la peine de le vendre à quelqu’un qui n’aurait pas aimé Marcel comme nous, j’ai contacté Bill Copley en premier, mais il n’était pas intéressé. J’ai aussi essayé avec Jasper Johns, mais cela ne l’intéressait pas non plus. Alors il a disparu dans le marché de l’Art! Dommage… Je donnerais aujourd’hui n’importe quoi pour l’avoir encore.

 

***

J’ai connu beaucoup d’artistes (Fernand Léger, Constantin Brancusi, Henri Cartier-Bresson, etc.), mais suis restée volontairement en retrait.

J’ai un respect total pour l’autre: ce qu’il est (sa personne), ce qu’il fait (son oeuvre).

Je n’ai rien – rien conservé, rien thésaurisé – et je ne veux rien. Je ne voulais pas prendre ce que mes amis italiens – Giacometti, Magnelli, Fontana – me suggéraient de choisir. Ce qui reste de nos rapports, de mes rapports avec les Duchamp? C’est peut-être Rodríguez-Larraín qui pourrait avoir conservé des documents comme des lettres ou des photos de vacances avec nous.(16)

Toutefois, je regrette de n’avoir pas tenu de journal, même minimal, à cette époque. Les vrais amis ne calculent pas!

Je vivais intensément toutes nos relations qui étaient exceptionnelles, de qualité, et qui me suffisaient. Avec ma famille, c’est la même chose: j’ai très peu de photos.

***
Annexe

Carte postale de Teeny (New York, 31 octobre 1965) à Grati: (Figure 8)

click images to enlarge

  • Recto
  • Verso
  • Figure 8 (recto)
  • Figure 8 (verso)

Mme Jorge Piqueras 5 Rue Lamartine
Wissous S. et. O. [Seine-et-Oise] France
Oct. 31st

Dear Grati –

I sent the ektachromes Air Mail today – Hope they arrive safely

How is the little V.W.? Did they come and plombé it [?](17)

We’re back to the old N.Y. routine – not much going on in the galleries – everyone is complaining, but the weather is beautiful like Paris before we left.

Hope you are all well. Bernard(18)
arrives tomorrow & we hope to have news of you all. We both send our love –

Teeny

[31 oct.

 

Chère Grati –

 

J’ai envoyé aujourd’hui par avion les ektachromes – J’espère qu’ils arriveront à bon port

Comment va la petite Volkswagen? Sont-ils venus et l’ont-ils plombée?

Nous sommes revenus à la vieille routine newyorkaise – pas beaucoup de sorties dans les galeries – tout le monde se plaint, mais la température est belle comme à Paris avant que nous quittions.

J’espère que vous êtes tous bien. Bernard arrive demain et nous espérons avoir des nouvelles de vous tous. Amitiés de nous deux –

Teeny

II.

Cinq questions à Emilio Rodríguez-Larraín(19)

 

Quelles sont les grandes lignes de votre curriculum vitae?

Je suis né à Lima en 1928. Ma première exposition individuelle remonte à 1950, ma première exposition collective à 1951.

 

 

À l’époque de ma rencontre avec Marcel Duchamp, j’ai des expositions individuelles à Milan (1959, 1960, 1961 et 1963), Cologne (1960), Francfort (1960), Berlin (1960), New York (1962 et 1965, à la Staempfli Gallery; 1967, à la Rose Fried Gallery), Washington (1963), Bruxelles (1965), etc.

 

 

J’ai reçu en 1965 le prix de la William and Noma Copley Foundation; Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, Max Ernst, Roberto Matta et Walter Hopps, entre autres, étaient du jury.

 

 

Comment avez-vous été amené à rencontrer Marcel Duchamp? Où, quand et comment cela s’est-il passé?

 

 

J’ai connu Marcel Duchamp par Gordon Washburn, directeur du Carnegie Institute de New York. Il était venu à Milan m’inviter à une exposition au Carnegie Institute.(20) Nous sommes devenus très copains avec lui et sa famille. Il m’a demandé où nous passions nos vacances, et ils sont venus se joindre à nous à Llançà, sur la Costa Brava. Une fois là, il a réalisé que nous étions tout près de Cadaquès, lieu de séjour de Marcel Duchamp, de Salvador Dali, de Man Ray et d’autres.

Nous y sommes allés et il m’a fait connaître tous ces grands artistes.

Où aviez-vous coutume de le retrouver?

Avec Marcel Duchamp a commencé tout de suite une grande amitié. Il venait à Llançà, nous allions à Cadaquès, nous nous sommes retrouvés à Paris, à Neuilly, à New York.

Quels étaient vos rapports avec lui et avec Teeny?

Vie quotidienne avec Marcel Duchamp et Teeny, donc art, échecs, langage, promenades, toros, autant à Paris qu’à New York ou sur la Costa Brava.

Qu’aura été Duchamp pour vous, finalement?

Un grand ami, autant lui que sa femme, et un artiste que j’ai respecté et respecte encore beaucoup, le trouvant l’homme le plus lucide que j’aie connu, généreux, courageux.

Documents joints:

click to enlarge
 Self-
Portrait
Figure 9
Marcel Duchamp, Self-
Portrait in
Profile, 1958


click to enlarge
Emilio Rodrígue
z-Larraín
Figure 10
Emilio Rodrígue
z-Larraín, 1965
Emilio Rodríguez
-Larraín
Figure 11
Emilio Rodríguez
-Larraín, 1965

• Dédicace du livre de Robert Lebel, Sur Marcel Duchamp (1959), à M. et Mme Piqueras, 1960 selon toute vraisemblance. (Coll. G. Baroni, Paris.(Figure
9)

• Deux photos d’Emilio Rodríguez-Larraín au vernissage de Not Seen and/or Less Seen of/by Marcel Duchamp/Rrose Sélavy, 1904-1964, New York, Cordier & Ekstrom, 13 janvier 1965. À sa droite sur une photo: George Staempfli; derrière son coude droit sur une autre photo: Marcel Duchamp! (Coll. E. Rodríguez-Larraín, Lima.) (Figure
10 & 11)

Carte postale de Teeny Duchamp à Mme Jorge Piqueras, 31 octobre 1965. (Coll. G. Baroni, Paris.)

Chèque de Marcel Duchamp à Grati Piqueras, 20 décembre 1967. (Coll. G. Baroni, Paris.)

• Deux photos d’un mur du bar Meliton, Cadaquès. (Coll. André Valois, Montréal, 1994.)
Autour d’une plaque qui se lit “ AQUI JUGAVA ALS / ESCACS L’INOBLIDABLE / MARCEL DUCHAMP [ici jouait aux / échecs l’inoubliable / Marcel Duchamp] ”, des artefacts rappellent la présence de l’homme: deux photos, une lettre (à propos d’une rencontre chez Meliton), la reproduction d’une toile de Jacques Villon le représentant vers 1951, et un miroir dans lequel est décomposé, entre “ ciel ” et “ champ ”, le nom du bar (“ me / mel / elit / lito / liton ”, etc].(21)
(Figure 12 & 13)

click images to enlarge

  • The wall at the
bar Meliton
  • The wall at the
bar Meliton
  • Figure 12
    The wall at the
    bar Meliton,
    Cadaqués
  • Figure 13
    The wall at the bar Meliton,
    Cadaqués

Notes

Footnote Return
1. Bonnie Clearwater (sous la dir. de), West Coast Duchamp, Miami Beach, Grassfield Press, 1991, 128 p.


Footnote Return
2. Voir Rita Gombrowicz, Gombrowicz en Argentine. Témoignages et documents, 1939-1963, Paris, Denoël, 1984, 295 p.


Footnote Return
3.Exemples d’oeuvres faites durant ces séjours: À regarder (l’autre côté du verre) d’un oeil, de près, pendant presque une heure (1918), Readymade malheureux (1919), With my tongue in my cheek (1959), Torture-morte (1959), Sculpture-morte (1959).


Footnote Return
4.Rédigée à partir de notes prises lors d’un téléphone de Grati Baroni (19 juillet 1998), d’une part, d’une longue conversation chez elle (4 juin 1999), d’autre part, puis revue par elle le 29 juin 1999 et légèrement augmentée le 20 juillet 1999.


Footnote Return
5. En 1960, les Duchamp sont à Cadaquès du 1er juillet au 1er septembre.


Footnote Return
6. Entre le 19 septembre et le 1er octobre 1963, donc, quelques jours avant Signed sign (Pasadena, 7 octobre 1963).


Footnote Return
7.La graphie du titre sera donc celle de Duchamp lui-même dans une lettre à Arne Ekstrom (Cadaquès, 3 septembre 1966), et ce bien qu’il parle de son automobile: “ Nous rentrons à Neu-Neu le 21 sept. par Volkswagen (Faux-Vagin) et N.Y. vers le 15 oct. par avion. ” Neu-Neu, c’est-à-dire Neuilly, en banlieue ouest de Paris.


Footnote Return
8.Voir aussi, dans la carte postale de Teeny à Grati en 1965 reproduite en annexe, ce qui concerne la V.W.


Footnote Return
9.Ce séjour a plutôt lieu lorsqu’il a 39 ans: du 20 octobre 1926 au 26 février 1927, en effet, il est aux États-Unis afin d’organiser deux expositions Brancusi, l’une à la Joseph Brummer Gallery, New York, 17 novembre-15 décembre 1926, l’autre à l’Arts Club of Chicago, 4-22 janvier 1927. Cette femme pourrait bien être Alice Roullier, de l’Arts Club.

Click to enlarge


click to enlarge
Salvardo Dali,
Twist dans l’atelier
de Vélasquez
Figure 9
Salvardo Dali,
Twist dans l’atelier
de Vélasquez, 1962


Footnote Return
10. En 1962, selon toute vraisemblance, la première version de Twist dans l’atelier de Vélasquez, huile sur toile (mais s’agit-il de cette oeuvre?), est de cette année-là. Quant aux chansons à succès, elles sont essentiellement de 1961-1962: The twist et Let’s twist again (interprétées par Chubby Checker), Twist and shout (par the Isley Brothers) et Twistin’ the night away (par Sam Cooke).


Footnote Return
11. Voir Marcel Duchamp in 20 photographs by Gianfranco Baruchello, avant-propos de Piero Berengo Gardin, Rome, Edizioni Gregory Fotografia, 1978; photos prises entre 1962 et 1966 en Italie (à Rome, à Bomarzo, à Cerveteri et en Ombrie), en Espagne (à Cadaquès) et aux États-Unis (au Philadelphia Museum of Art).


Footnote Return
12. Arturo Schwarz commence à travailler sur l’oeuvre de Duchamp en 1957.


Footnote Return
13. Alain Jouffroy, “ Piqueras chez Eiffel ”, XXe siècle, Paris, nouvelle série, n° 48, juin 1977; “ Baruchello, navigateur en solitaire ”, n° 50, juin 1978).


Footnote Return
14.Bernard Blistène, Catherine David et Alfred Pacquement (sous la dir. de), L’époque, la mode, la morale, la passion. Aspects de l’art aujourd’hui, 1977-1987, Centre d’art et de culture Georges Pompidou, Musée national d’art moderne, 21 mai-17 août 1987; Katia Lafitte et Lorenzo Piqueras, assistés de Diane Chollet, en sont les architectes. Voir par ailleurs Roselyne Marsaud Perrodin, “ Qualifier l’espace. Entretien avec Lorenzo Piqueras ”, Pratiques, Rennes, n° 2, automne 1986, p. 117-139.


Footnote Return
15.Centre d’art et de culture Georges Pompidou, 1er juin-19 septembre 1977. Cette exposition a lieu immédiatement après l’exposition Duchamp (Marcel Duchamp, 31 janvier-2 mai 1977), exposition inaugurale.p>


Footnote Return
16.Ce dernier m’écrit (Lima, 24 août 2000): “ Toutes les photos et tous les documents que j’avais concernant mes rapports avec Marcel Duchamp (dont une rasée L.H.O.O.Q., invitation à un vernissage chez Cordier & Ekstrom) m’ont été volés à Miami lorsque j’y vivais il y a quelques années.”


Footnote Return
17.Jacqueline Matisse, dans deux télécopies (27 avril 2001), précise le contexte: “ Marcel and Teeny’s VW bug was parked unused at the Piqueras’ in Wissous over the winter. In order to pay less tax on the car, the customs authorities required a lead seal on the vehicle when not in use. That is what Teeny is inquiring about in her card. […] Teeny used her best “franglais”… when talking about this car […]. ” [La coccinelle de Marcel et Teeny était stationnée chez les Piqueras à Wissous durant l’hiver lorsqu’elle n’était pas utilisée. Afin de payer une taxe moindre sur cette automobile, les autorités douanières exigeaient qu’un sceau de plomb soit apposé sur le véhicule. Voilà ce que demande Teeny dans la carte. […] Elle utilise son meilleur “ franglais ”… en parlant de l’aut […].”


Footnote Return
18.Bernard Monnier, mari de Jacqueline Matisse.


Footnote Return
19. Lima, 24 août 2000, en réponse à des questions écrites d’André Gervais envoyées le 21 juillet.

Footnote Return 20. La Pittsburgh Triennial se tiendra en 1961 au Carnegie Institute.


Footnote Return
21. Sur ce haut lieu de Cadaquès, voir Henri-François Rey,
Le café Meliton, Paris, Balland, 1987).

 

 

Figs. 3, 4, 6-8
©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris.
All rights reserved.

Prix Marcel Duchamp 2000: Seven Questions for Thomas Hirschhorn

On December 1st, 2000, Thomas Hirschhorn was announced the winner of the Prix
Marcel Duchamp
, the first time this new award was presented. Aimed at contemporary artists living in France, the winner of the Prix Marcel Duchamp receives FF 200,000 (a little less than US $30,000) and gets a two-month show at the Centre Pompidou, Paris. Hirschhorn’s “Pole-Self” was exhibited there between February 28 — April 30, 2001.

Hirschhorn, of course, is no stranger to the art world. Born in Berne, Switzerland, in1957, he had been on the rise even before Catherine David showed his work at the Jeu de Paume, Paris, in 1994. And with five solo shows in 2001 alone, from Zurich to Barcelona, as well as his participation in major art events such as the Venice Biennale, the demand for his works is way up.

Click to enlarge
  • Installation views of Thomas Hirschhorn’s “Pole Self,”
  • Installation views of Thomas Hirschhorn’s “Pole Self,
  • Installation views of Thomas Hirschhorn’s “Pole Self,

Various installation views of Thomas Hirschhorn’s “Pole Self,”
Paris, Centre Pompidou, February 28 – April 30, 2001

Hirschhorn’s oeuvre is not easy to grasp and almost impossible to forget. Using everyday material such as silver foil, cardboard or duct tape, his installations incorporate entire rooms. His art seems to grow and spread wherever it is displayed. To some viewers Hirschhorn’s environments appear plain ugly, his material too cheap and his eagerness to intellectually involve the visitor is seen as too didactic. To be sure, his is not the inaccessibly polished surface of a Jeff Koons. The use of material is embedded in a democratic and egalitarian notion of the viewer having the possibility to see exactly how his art is made. And art is not only for glances or aesthetic pleasantries but for spending some time with, for engaging the viewer and generating ideas. Often, Hirschhorn builds “altars” or “kiosks” in public spaces, dedicating them to writers and artists such as Raymond Carver or Robert Walser, Meret Oppenheim or Ingeborg Bachmann. He tackles the Holocaust straight-on (no niceties here) and pokes fun at his native country’s obsession with the production of luxury goods. For “Pole Self” Thomas Hirschorn transformed various rooms of the Centre Pompidou into a library, with books attached to metal chains dangling from the ceiling. Other installations included sandbags to wrestle with as well as an “anticapitalist trash heap” in which books on luxury and wealth could be found.

Most recently, in Artforum’s December issue of 2001, London-based art critic Kate Bush praised Hirschhorn’s “distinctive nonaesthetic–based on rickety form, cheap materials, and a blizzard of images and words–[…] powered by a sense of urgency and incomprehension in the face of catastrophe that leaves us, under his unforgiving neon, nowhere to hide.”

Click to enlarge
  • Sas de Contamination
    Figure 1

     

    Thomas Hirschhorn,
    Sas de Contamination
    , 2000
  • Raymond Carver-Altar
    Figure 2

     

    Thomas Hirschhorn,
    Raymond Carver-Altar
    , 2000
  • Deleuze Monument
    Figure 3
    Thomas Hirschhorn,
    Deleuze Monument
    , 2000

 

  • Critical Laboratory
    Figure 4

     

    Thomas Hirschhorn,
    Critical Laboratory
    , 2000
  • Hirschhorn, Rolex, etc, Freudlichs Aufstieg and Skulptur-Sortier-Station
    Figure 5

     

    Thomas
    Hirschhorn, Rolex, etc, Freudlichs Aufstieg and Skulptur-Sortier-Station, 2000
  • Flying Boxes
    Figure 6

     

    Thomas
    Hirschhorn,
    Flying Boxes
    , 1993

*All documentation (figures 1-6) from Gilles Fuchs (ed.), Le Prix Marcel Duchamp 2000 (Paris: ADIAF, 2001)

When awarded the Prix Marcel Duchamp through Gilles Fuchs, the president of the Association pour la Diffusion Internationale de l’Art Français, a simple “Merci” is reported to be all Thomas Hirschhorn said during the ceremony. Tout-Fait wanted to know a little more regarding the artist and his appreciation of Marcel Duchamp. What follows are Hirschhorn’s answers to seven questions we were eager to ask him.

Tout-Fait: Congratulations on the Prix Duchamp 2001. Any idea about why it was you who received it?

Thomas Hirschhorn: It is by chance that the price bears Marcel Duchamp’s name. It is by
chance that the price was given to me.

Tout-Fait: Are there any specific projects you have used your winnings for?

Thomas Hirschhorn:
I have used the money for the production of the work “Pole Self.”

Click to enlarge


click to enlarge
The Temptation of St. Anthony
Figure 7
Marcel Duchamp, Design for
“The Temptation of St. Anthony
,”
1946 (on the cover, the
catalogue shows Max Ernst’s
winning entry for the
Hollywood movie The
Private Affairs of Bel Ami
)

Marcel Duchamp, Design for “The Temptation of St. Anthony,”
1946 (on the cover, the catalogue shows Max Ernst’s winning entry for the Hollywood movie The Private Affairs of Bel Ami)

Tout-Fait: Duchamp seemed to despise the very idea of a jury although unlike Breton, he did not refuse awards. In 1946, together with Alfred H. Barr and Sidney Janis, Duchamp chose “The Temptation of St. Anthony”(Fig. 7) from a number of submissions on the same subject to be the winning entry of a competition. Regarding his experience as a juror, Duchamp said: “Jurors are always apt to be wrong…even the conviction of having been fair does not change any doubts on the right to judge at all.”

Thomas Hirschhorn: Receiving an award engages the giver more than it does the laureate. I on the other hand am engaged towards my work and to my work alone.

Tout-Fait: To what extent, if at all, has Duchamp influenced your work?

Thomas Hirschhorn: I enthusiastically embraced Duchamp’s contributions to the Paris exhibition
“Internationale du Surréalisme” (Fig. 8) as well as the show in New York “First Papers of Surrealism” (Fig. 9). What fascinates me is his understanding of being an artist. Marcel Duchamp was free with his own.

  • Coal Bags
  • Sixteen
Miles of String
  • Figure 8
  • Figure 9
  • Marcel Duchamp, Twelve Hundred
    Coal Bags Suspended from the Ceiling
    over a Stove
    , 1938 (part of his
    installation for the Exposition
    Internationale du Surréalisme
    , Paris)
  • Marcel Duchamp, Sixteen
    Miles of String
    , 1942 (part of
    his installation for the First Papers
    of Surrealism
    exhibition, NY)

Tout-Fait: Do you remember the first time you became aware of Duchamp’s art?

Thomas Hirschhorn: This was at the Kunstgewerbeschule (School of Applied Arts) in Zurich during art history class. We discussed The Passage from Virgin to Bride (Fig. 10), works he did back then, like The Chocolate Grinder (Fig. 11), or this magnificent Large Glass (Fig. 12) as well as the “Ready-mades.” Then I read the book Pictorial
Nominalism
by Thierry de Duve, which was very important to me. Later I saw the wonderful collection of Louise and Walter Arensberg at the Philadelphia
Museum
.

click images to enlarge

  • The Passage from V
irgin
  • Chocolate Grinder
  • The Bride Stripped Bare
by Her Bachelors
  • Figure 10
  • Figure 11
  • Figure 12
  • Marcel Duchamp,
    The Passage from V
    irgin
    , 1912
  • Marcel Duchamp,
    Chocolate Grinder,
    No.1
    , 1913
  • Marcel Duchamp,
    The Bride Stripped Bare
    by Her Bachelors, Even
    ,
    (aka the Large
    Glass
    ), 1915-23

Tout-Fait: You once said that what you are interested in is the “doing-too-much, the provision of extra-work, as is the case with light.” Is this statement comparable to Duchamp’s notes about “infra-mince” (a concept first published posthumously in Marcel Duchamp, Notes, Paul Matisse, ed., Boston: G.K. Hall & Company, 1980, notes 1-46), in which he makes known his interest in the warmth of chairs, after sitting on them, the extra-energy used when pushing down a light-switch, etc.

Thomas Hirschhorn:One cannot compare the two. I’m interested in the ‘too much,’ doing too much, giving too much, putting too much of an effort into something. Wastefulness as tool or weapon.

Tout-Fait:Within your works, I sometimes sense the inherent unwillingness to even do as much as to exhibit within the given context of the artworld. Your installation for the Guggenheim Museum Store in Soho was such a total refusal without having to say. In the beginning Duchamp did not exhibit his Ready-mades and often refused to participate in exhibitions. Are your new works in the classic size of large oil on canvas (with picture frame to hang from a wall) a first compromise regarding the possibility of displaying your work (i.e., within the apartments of collectors), comparable to Duchamp’s later editions of the Ready-mades?

Click to enlarge
  • Thomas Hirschhorn’s handwritten response
    Figure 13
  • Thomas Hirschhorn’s handwritten response
    Figure 14
Thomas Hirschhorn’s handwritten response (in German), faxed on September 20, 2001

Thomas Hirschhorn: Duchamp never made any compromises. He was the most intelligent artist
of his century.

The interview was conducted by Thomas Girst via e-mail and fax. Thomas Hirschhorn’s
answers were sent to ASRL on September 20th, 2001, consisting of two handwritten pages, excl. the cover page. Many thanks to both Ms. Petra Gördüren of Arndt&Partner, Berlin, for establishing contact, as well as to Ms. Sophie Pulicani, studio Thomas Hirschhorn, Paris, for making the images available.

Figs. 7-12
©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris.
All rights reserved.

Will Go Underground

JEAN NEYENS: Marcel Duchamp, may I ask you where your first works came from, from what reflection upon art at that time or the world at that time?

MARCEL DUCHAMP: It’s very complicated and complex, because, fifty or forty years later, one gets a headache trying to remember how, for what reason, all these things were made and for the most part, when they were created, these things just came pel-mel, without any order. There wasn’t a sort of plan directing all the organization, and, I tell you, it was one thing after another which arrived without any predilection but which pertained to the work preceding it and to the work following it. And for us, forty years later, it all seems to be so homogenous but it’s difficult to explain how it came about.

J. But even if you only reveal to us the significance which you attribute today to your methods of before, that wouldn’t be more false.

MD. Yes, evidently there’s an enormous difference isn’t there… it’s just… the enormous difference is…. I don’t know, the pecuniary order, if you will… When we were making all of that as part of Dada there was never any thought of profiting from it… So it makes an enormous difference, because there wasn’t a plan. We never showed our ongoing works. We didn’t hide them either. Nobody but ourselves, and even among us we spoke of them without attaching any significance to them since that was truly an anti-society position, wasn’t it. So there wasn’t any reason that it would all take some form. And we didn’t think one would ever take.

J. Was this position against society in 1910 already so alive? What was motivating it?

MD. Yes, in 1910, it was less… yet… no… in 1910, there was already the abstract art of Kandinsky, Kupka, Picabia and … Mondrian who were creating only to continue a tradition begun by Courbet, if you will. But the realism of Courbet was then transformed into impressionism, then into fauvism, then into cubism and finally the last incarnation was abstraction, above all with Kandinsky and Kupka and Mondrian.

Then it was necessary to wait for the war in order to arrive at Dada, you see at dadaism which was justly more than a reaction to schematic order or artistic order, even: it was an anti-society reaction as I’ve told you–not even political in the political sense, it wasn’t at all like communism or anything like that, it was an intellectual reaction, a cerebral reaction, almost.

J. Do your ready-mades date from before the war or after the war?


click to enlarge
Bottle Dryer
Figure 1
Marcel Duchamp,
Bottle Dryer,1914
Pharmacy
Figure 2
Marcel Duchamp,
Pharmacy,1914

MD. One could say I made one… I created one in 1913, by chance that was before the war. I didn’t call it a ready-made then because I didn’t know what a ready-made was. I hadn’t made… I’d simply made a wheel which turned, a bicycle wheel which turned on a stool, for the pleasure of watching it turn, in my studio as I would have a crackling fire, you see. It was something which–by its movement–was for me… entertaining, you understand, an accompaniment to life, but not at all a work of art in the sense… or even a work of anti-art of any sort. Then I made the Bottlerack.(Fig. 1)

J. The Sechoir à bouteilles.

MD. Le séchoir à bouteilles, which itself wasn’t… which didn’t move. And so you had a movement and an anti-movement. And therefore there was a relation between the two. There were also other things still more interesting in my opinion, there was taking something already made for a model, whcih is what happened withPharmacy, (Fig. 2) you see. It was a small snow-covered landscape made by who knows, that I bought from a shopkeeper, to which I simply added two dots–a red and a green–which indicate the pharmaceutical jars that one sees. All of this made a landscape by sight in the snow you see by adding these two things which could and… would be the lights of a cottage, were in reality… were turned into pharmacy, you see…

Then in 1915 in New York I made a snow shovel that didn’t interest me at all, especially, and so the interesting thing, in all this, wasn’t so much the reaction itself but there was also the idea of finding something in these objects, which wasn’t attractive to the aesthetic point of view. The aesthetic delight was excluded. It’s not comparable to what one calls a “found object” for example. The object found is a thing, it’s a form, in other words a check found on the picket line, or something like that which didn’t interest me, because it was still from the aesthetic domain, by which I mean… a beautiful form, etc. It had already been completely removed from my research.

J. You weren’t trying to dream by exhibiting these new forms, were you?

MD. On the contrary, the interesting thing for me was extracting from its practical domain or its utilitarian domain and bringing it into a domain completely… empty, if you will, empty of everything, empty of everything to a point such that I spoke of a complete anesthesia in order to do it, you understand, which is to say it was necessary… it wasn’t so easy to choose, something which wasn’t pleasing to you and which, you, not pleasing to you, you understand, what I want to say by that… not only what must please you aesthetically but what wouldn’t anymore displease you aesthetically, which is to say the opposite: bad taste instead of good which is the same thing, isn’t it. There isn’t any difference between good and bad taste… two things as little interesting to me as–one or the other, one or the other.

J. So your enterprise was purely against the era. There wasn’t at all, for example… ambition… to teach the eye to admire or to…

 

MD. the eye…

J. … or to adapt itself, let’s say, to new forms in a spirit a little functionalistic.

MD. No, not at all, not at all, not at all. And it’s because of this that all these ready-mades, in sum, are so different from one another… so different that there isn’t, if you will.. the air of a family about them… there isn’t any air of family between Pharmacy, which we’ve spoken of, and the Bottlerack or the Bicycle Wheel that turns! Obviously we say “manufactured object.” But it’s not always about manufactured objects. I even once made to amuse myself… in a restaurant, I was dining with some friends in New York, there was a big decorative painting, which decorated this restaurant, and which was completely ridiculous, just like a painting, from every point of view, and I stood up, then I signed it, you understand. It is therefore… it’s still there… this readymade wasn’t manufactured, it was made by hand even if by another painter! And what’s more, in one of my works, I put a hand which indicates, you see, the management one uses in public establishments. I put this hand there but I myself hadn’t painted it. I had it painted by a painter of signs.

J. Nevertheless in the act of naming… an earthenware public urinal…

MD. … yes, yes, yes…

J. … a fountain…

MD. …yes, yes…

J. … it’s the same as…


click to enlarge

Fountain

Figure 3
Marcel Duchamp,
Fountain, 1917
(Photograph by
Alfred Stieglitz)
In
Advance of a Broken
Arm
Figure 4
Marcel Duchamp, In
Advance of a Broken
Arm
, 1915
(Studio photograph)

MD. … a urinal, that I named Fountain (Fig. 3) in order to disengage it from its utilitarian purpose! The idea of a fountain…

J. …yes…

MD. …was completely ironic, since there wasn’t even a fountain there, but then this support, and then still the title wasn’t absolutely necessary, although I often used to add a phrase… for example with the Bottlerack I had bought… added a phrase that I don’t remember because the Bottlerack is lost, was lost in 1916, something like that–during a move–and I’d written a subtitle to it and I absolutely can’t remember it, not a thing, not even a word.

But with the snow shovel, I wrote “In advance of a broken arm”(Fig. 4) trying also to find a phrase which wanted to say nothing. Because even if this could want to say something… the advance of the arm, “in advance of a broken arm” has a truly useless meaning, you understand, and without great interest!

J. There wasn’t any intention there of farce?

MD. Not at all, not at all! No, the farce was… for me, it was me who… even more, there wasn’t a farce there since nobody was taking an interest in it! There wasn’t a public there, there wasn’t… it wasn’t presented to the public. There wasn’t participation at all from the public or acceptance from the public or even calling upon the public as witness and asking what the public thought of it, you understand… it was different outside, even so, I tell you, the ensemble of all these things was in a climate where the public wasn’t invited! There wasn’t any public–the public wasn’t invited, wasn’t necessary… at all!

J. You’re not at all a professional painter?

MD. That’s what I’ve always wanted to escape, being professional in the sense of being obligated to live from painting, which produces a little bit but… it’s unconfirmed once done… and above all you know what happens when the art dealers say to you, “Ah! If you make ten pictures for me in this style, I will sell as many as you want of them.” Then–well this wasn’t at all my interest or my amusement, soI didn’t do it. I made nothing. Then it was like this, I went to a conference. A round table which took place in Philadelphia, where I was asked, “Where are we going?” Me, I simply said, “The great fortune of tomorrow will hide itself. Will go underground.” In English it’s better than in French–“Will go underground.” It’ll be necessary that it dies before being known. Me, in my opinion, if there is an important fellow from now in a century or two–well! he will have hidden himself all his life in order to escape the influence of the market… completely mercenary [laughs] if I dare say.

Figs. 1-4
©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris. All rights reserved.

To Change Names, Simply

GUY VIAU. Marcel Duchamp, what power do you attribute to humor?
MARCEL DUCHAMP. A great power; humor was a sort of savior so to speak because, before, art was such a serious thing, so pontifical that I was very happy when I discovered that I could introduce humor into it. And that was truly a period of discovery. The discovery of humor was a liberation. And not humor in the sense “humorist” of humor, but “humor” humoristic of humor. Humor is something much more profound and more serious and more difficult to define. It’s not only about laughing. There’s a humor that is black humor which doesn’t inspire laughter and which doesn’t please at all. Which is a thing in itself, which is a new feeling so to speak, which follows from all sorts of things that we can’t analyze with words.
G. Is there a large amount of rebellion in this humor?
M. A large amount of rebellion, a large amount of derision toward the serious word, entirely unconfirmed, naturally. And it’s only because of humor that you can leave, that you can free yourself.
G. When is humor black?
M. Black, that’s a way of speaking, since it was necessary to assign a color. Obviously there wasn’t a more explicit color because black is somber, the somber of this humor makes it a thing almost mean instead of friendly and dangerous. It’s almost like a sort of dynamite, of the spirit, isn’t it? And that’s why we call it black. Black doesn’t have any meaning but it’s a little like the black curtain of anarchy, if you will, things like that. Black generally took this somber side and burial that we were obligated to accept, then that was it.
G. You’ve said somewhere that possible reality is obtained from a little stretching of the laws of physics and chemistry. What do you want to say about that?
M.About that, it’s simply the idea that it’s easy to believe that by scraping a match one gets a fire, that is, cause creates effect. But I find the laws of physics such that they are, such that they have taught us, aren’t inevitably the truth. We believe in them or the experiences each day, but I believe that it’s possible to consider the existence of a universe where these laws would be extended, changed a little bit, precisely limited. And as a result, one immediately obtains some extraordinary and different results which are certainly not far from the truth because, after all, every hundred years a new scientist comes along who changes the laws, right? Since Newton, there have been more and since Einstein there have been even more, haven’t there, so we must wait for changes to the laws in question.
G. But all your activity, I think, aims at the possible beyond the immediate.
M. Sure. In every case, without being a scientist myself, one can hope to arrive at obtaining some results parallel to the influence, if you will, in art. And what gives satisfying results in every case… satisfying in the sense of the new of the thing, what appears like a thing which was never seen before. Of the not already seen.
G. This said, Marcel Duchamp, you weren’t less of an impressionist at the start of your career than anyone else.
M. Yes, absolutely, like all youth. A young man can’t be an old man, it’s impossible. One must pass through the network of influence. One is obligated to be influenced and one accepts this influence very naturally. From the start one doesn’t realize this. The first thing to know: one doesn’t realize one is influenced. One thinks he is already liberated and one is far from it! Therefore one must accept it and wait for the liberation to come itself, if it must ever come, because certain people never obtain it, never see it come.
G. But it’s been said that you made these impressionistic experiences a little to prove that you could make them.
M. No, no…
G. … like a tour de force.
M. No, I don’t believe that this was so. If you wish, when one paints like an impressionist from the age of seventeen or sixteen, one is already so content to paint, since one loves this, that there isn’t analysis, self-analyzation that explains why one makes this rather than that and above all one never knows these things until forty years later.
G. And what was the Section d’Or back then?
M. The Section d’Or dates from 1912. It was a small salon which took place for only a year, where all the cubists of that era got together, except Picasso and Braque, who stayed in their corner. There was, already, a sort of schism between the two groups of cubists. And there we made, thanks to my brother Jacques Villon, and Picabia … quite an exposition of paintings, with Apollinaire, that had a lot of success. Apollinaire, I believe, created a meeting place for presenting young painters who, at that time, were iconoclasts, as well you’d think.
G. And this cubism, did it not contain, if I may say … a little futurism?

click to enlarge
Nude Descending
Figure 1
Marcel Duchamp,
Nude Descending a
Staircase, No. 2
, 1912

M. Yes, there was a relationship in everything. The time was made for this. With the futurists there was something a little different, which was the preoccupation of producing a movement, of producing the movement. To try, if one produces the movement, to produce it from an impressionistic manner, which is to say naturalist, to give the illusion of movement, this was the mistake in itself, since one can’t produce a thing, one can’t produce a movement–in any realistic manner–from a static tableau, you see? It’s not possible. Why did it fail, because it was the continuation of the impressionist idea attributed to the movement, given to the movement. Whereas, for example, in my case, where I wanted to make the same thing with Nude Descending the Staircase, (Fig.
1)
it was a little different. I realized very well that I couldn’t produce the illusion of movement in a static painting. I was therefore content to make a state of thing, a state of movement, if you will, like the cinema does, but without the development of the cinema like a film. To superimpose one upon the other.
G. Each of these phases?
M. Each of these phases … indicated a completely graphic way and not the intention of giving the illusion of movement.
G. And it’s this that made Nude Descending the Staircase a sensation at the Armory Show in 1913.
M. That was it.
G. … in New York.
M.And this was a sort of scandalous success which was so much so, that a lot of people knew Nude Descending the Staircase itself and they never knew who had made it. And this absolutely didn’t interest them–knowing who was the painter. Because the painting was interesting them in the painting and this was the only thing which was interesting to them, so that I was completely … how should I say …
G. … ignored.
M. … ignored by the public because the public knew my work without knowing who I was or that I existed.
G. Was it from this moment that you renounced more or less the traditional notion of a painting?
M. Yes, it was around 1913, around 1912, and it was 1913 when I even began to doubt my cubism. I began to… I was probably very difficult to satisfy then, I suppose… And when I had already thought that that was the end, that this wasn’t going to lead very far, except that it would have been able to make a lot of money perhaps if I had continued. But then, I had already changed ideas in 1913, and I found myself engaged in another form of expression where the painter loses his priority, if you will. The idea for me was, at that time, to bring in gray matter in opposition to the retinal. For me the retinal is a thing that has lasted since Courbet. After Romanticism, with Courbet, every series for a hundred years of painting or plastic art was based on the retinal impression.
G. For you, it has been a hundred years since painting wasn’t so uniquely retinal.
M. No, not at all, far from it, on the contrary. Everything which represents religious painting, painting since the Renaissance, through the Italian Renaissance, is entirely gray matter, if I dare to use this term when I mean that that the idea was to glorify a religion, the catholic religion, the catholic God or something else, in the end, but the painting aspect itself, the retinal aspect of the painting was very secondary … more than secondary … it was the idea that mattered then. And this is what happened, this is what happened to me then in 1912 or 1913 with the idea of wanting to change or at least to rid myself of the retinal heritage of the last 100 years.

G. You said at that time, “Paintings have the dust of the past.”
M. What made me say things like that was because it was necessary to get rid of and to obtain another opening onto other landscapes, so to speak.
G. Was it then, Marcel Duchamp, that Dada took place?


click to enlarge
The Bride Stripped
Bare by Her Bachelors
Figure 2
Marcel Duchamp,
The Bride Stripped
Bare by Her Bachelors,
Even
, 1915-23

M. No, that was still in the distance. That was still later. I spoke of 1912 and in 1912 I had already elaborated upon the idea of The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bach…by Her Bachelors, still without a hint of Dadaism. There was obviously a germ of things resembling Dadaism, but it didn’t have the organized character of a movement like the Dadaism of 1916, 1917 and 1918. There had already been indications of such a movement, and even in The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even there are some details or developments which are of the Dadaist domain. But all the same, that was something a lot larger in spirit than a tendentious thing like Dadaism was … After all, Dadaism was a tendency to get rid of a violent way of accepted and permitted things. But then it was still a personal thing which alone concerned me, of making a picture or some kind of work with my responsibility alone and not a manifesto of the general order. Later, around 1916, 1917 in fact, Dadaism intervened and I collaborated there because it immediately went along with my views.
G. All right, if you want, we will revisit Dadaism now. I would very much like you to speak to us more about The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. (Fig. 2) What is the key to this painting? I believe I read from André Breton that there was a son of Ariane in the painting?
M.There isn’t a son of Ariane. There is the fact that from the start this painting wasn’t conceived like a canvas on which you put a picture. The painting is like a morsel of glass. From the start, it was painted on glass, which is in effect painted upon. Some oil paint is painted, but the forms which are there were from the start were seen with the idea of transparence. The idea of canvas disappeared. In order to still satisfy me, to satisfy me with the idea that the painting isn’t a painting, which is to say a frame with some canvas on top and some nails around. I wanted to rid myself of that, which is a physical impression. After this, each part of the painting, of the glass, was minutely prepared with ideas and not with the strokes of a pencil. From ideas written on little papers as they came to me. And finally some years after I gathered in a box called the Green Box all these ideas, these little papers… cut up or torn up, rather, which I made torn up in order to make an edition of 300 exemplary copies and which are in the same form as the cut, original papers and on which nearly all the ideas that are in this big glass are written, or indicated in any case.
G. Who were the principal protagonists of Dada then?
M. The first demonstrations of Dada took place in Zurich in 1916, with Tzara and Arp and Huelsenbeck and that was about it. And this lasted two or three years. After that Tzara went to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Breton, Aragon…several others who became the Dada of Paris. The difference is that, in Zurich, there wasn’t really a big public demonstration, which is to say there was a Cabaret Voltaire with some demonstrations but more or less private, in the cabaret. In Paris, it reached a much larger scale and Breton and Aragon made some demonstrations in rooms like la salle Gaveau, where the public really went, en masse, with the idea of very copiously causing an uproar, you might say. And moreover, this is what made all the fuss about Dada. For three years there had been different demonstrations in each of the big rooms of Paris, and this was only terminated around 1920, 1922 or 1923, when truly there was some internal dissentions between the different dadaists, who were no longer content. With each wanting to be the big protagonist, naturally there were some disagreements. They had a falling out and Breton decided to begin another thing called Surrealism. What’s more, the name Surrealism had been given by Apollinaire during the war without knowing it, to a piece called les Mamelles de Tirésias, in a small Parisian theater and it was called, I believe, Surrealist Drama. But in any case the word “Surrealism” was…fabricated by Apollinaire and he didn’t know that it was going to take on such importance, I am sure of that, when I think about it.
G. And your friendship with Picabia dates back to then?
M. Oh yes! Picabia naturally was one of the big ones, was, so to speak, the go-between, he was different because he was in New York and we had already known Dada in 1916 in New York when he was here and then he left New York in 1917-18, he went to Barcelona. From there he went to Switzerland. He went to Switzerland where he made the acquaintance of Tzara. Tzara and he went back to Paris, made friends with Breton and really the movement began then. Besides, this is what wasn’t approved by the German Dadaists, who wanted to make it a completely political thing, a political order only, in the communist sense of the word.
G. You spoke of Dada demonstrations. What were these demonstrations? Were they about manifestos, or what?
M. No. They were theatrical demonstrations. And yet! There was a scene, for example in la salle Gaveau which wasn’t a scene, but anyway it was a scene just the same where the orchestra sat to play concerts. There were theatrical pieces created for the occasion by Breton, by Ribemont-Dessaignes, by people like that, which were played with the appropriate décor, which is to say, with cotton caps, funnels, everything was like a fantasy…imaginative.
G. Marcel Duchamp, what is a ready-made?
M. A ready-made [laughs], was from the beginning an invented word that I took to designate a work of art which isn’t one. In other words, which isn’t a work made by hand. Made by the hand of the artist. It’s a work of art which becomes a work of art by the fact that I declare it or that the artist declares it a work of art, without there being any participation from the hand of the artist in question to make it so. In other words, it’s an object already made, that one finds, and generally an object of metal…more than a painting in general.
G. Would you want to give an example of a ready-made in its pure state?


click to enlarge
Fountain
Figure 3
Marcel Duchamp,
Fountain, 1917
Photograph by Alfred
Stieglitz (1917)
L.H.O.O.Q.
Figure 4
Marcel Duchamp,
L.H.O.O.Q., 1919

M. We have…the urinal, that I exhibited at the Indépendants in 1917 in New York and which was a thing that I had simply bought at the M. Mutt Works, and that I signed Richard Mutt. (Fig. 3) And which was moreover refused by the Independents, who weren’t supposed to refuse it. But anyway, they refused it, they threw it behind a partition and I was obligated to find it after the exhibition in order not to lose it.
G. But there is what you call an “assisted” ready-made.
M. Okay, with the “assisted ready-made,” it’s just an object in the same genre to which the artist adds something like a moustache to the Mona Lisa, (Fig. 4) wwhich is a thing added and which gives a special character [laughs] to the Mona Lisa, let’s say.
G. Had you thought of adding a title to this work?
M. Oh that, I don’t dare give you a translation of it, even in English.[laughter]
G. And now what is a “reverse ready-made”?
M. A “reverse ready-made”…that was the case of…that wasn’t made, but it would have been able to have been made. That would be to take a Rembrandt and to use it like an ironing board, you see, that would be the reverse by the fact that the tableau [or painting] became the ready-made of a true tableau [or table] made by Rembrandt, which becomes a ready-made for ironing shirts, you understand?[laughter]
G. I think that you have always been…an intransigent spirit, your work was rare, this rare act, but you reunited it in the space of a portable museum…


click to enlarge
Boite Series
F
Figure 5
Marcel Duchamp,
Boite Series
F
, 1941

M. Yes, I made a big box, la Boîte en valise, (Fig. 5 which is to say a box which was a carton more or less where all the reproductions of the things I’ve made, almost all, everything I have been able to find in any case, and besides this only represented 90 or 95…articles and I had reproductions of them made and I had…in color, in black and there are even three small ready-mades which are reduced in dimension from the originals, which are the typewriter, the ampoule of Paris air that I brought to my friend Arensberg as a souvenir. I had filled an ampoule, of Paris air, which is to say I simply opened an ampoule and let the air enter it by itself and closed the ampoule and brought it to New York as a gift of friendship, in any case. And there was also the play on words.
G. I think that that is one of your specialties.
M. Yes, I don’t know if you recall them…I don’t recall all of them by heart, but anyway I’m going to read you one or two: “Avez-vous déjà mis la moelle de l’épée dans le poil de l’aimée?” [“Have you already put the marrow of the sword into the mane of the adored?”] One must read very slowly, because it’s like a play on words, one must…

G. [laughs]
M. “Nous estimons les ecchymoses des esquimaux aux mots exquis.’ [“We dodge the bruises of the Eskimos in exquisite words]. And one more: “Inceste ou passion de famille à coups trop tirés.” [“Incest or family passion, on very bad terms.”]
G. [laughs]
M. And how about: “Moustiques domestiques demi-stock pour la cure d’azote sur la Côte d’Azur.” [“Domestic mosquitoes (half-stock) for the nitrogen cure on the Côte d’Azur.”]
G.[laughs]
M. There’s still another of them: “Le système métrite par un temps blenorrhagieux.” [” Inflamed uterine system due to a gonorrheal condition.”]
G. [laughs]
M. What’s one more? “Parmi nos articles de quincaillerie paresseuse, Rrose Sélavy et moi recommandons le robinet qui s’arrête de couler quand on ne l’écoute pas.” [“Among our articles of lazy hardware, Rrose Sélavy and I recommend the faucet which stops dripping when nobody is listening to it.”]
G. What kindness! And, tell me, does the name Rrose Sélavy come up often in your works? What does “Rrose Sélavy” mean?
M. In 1920, I decided that it didn’t suffice me to be a lone individual with a masculine name, I wanted to change my name in order to change, for the ready-mades above all, to make another personality from myself, you understand, to change names, simply. And this was a…
G. You speak of the negation of Dadaism. What was the surrealist affirmation? What was that…
M. There were a lot of points of affirmation. One of the important points was the importance of dream. The importance of dreamlike poems and the Freudian side also, the self-analytical interpretation side. Although they didn’t completely feel like students of Freud or disciples of Freud at all, they used Freud. They used Freud as a component in analyzing their subconscious, in any case.
G. And all these surrealist works of which we speak right now, did they have, then, an importance of prefiguration of…
M. Yes, I believe. All written work is a hint of a little surrealism and all work, even a visual work of paint. One feels that the painter who made it saw the surrealism before, even if he refused it, you understand.
G. One has the impression that surrealism gave us a new orientation entirely…very distinct in the imagination of the contemporary man.
M. Very distinct, and I said…it was an absolute split and as always, given by literature and by painting and by the arts, this split will have repercussions in the political or interplanetary or some other actual world, just about.
G. The fact is that your activity, Marcel Duchamp, took place in the United States…did this used to give this activity a particular urgency, being in contrast or in…
M. No, the contrast was for me personal. Life in the United States was a lot more simple than in France, or than in Europe. Because…there is a respect for the individual here that isn’t found in Europe. The individual isn’t respected in Europe. One forces the individual to enter into a category, either political or social, or educational or something else. Here you are completely alone if you want to be. And there is a respect for the individual that is remarkable, in my opinion.
G. And you believe that this generous liberty…isn’t compromised here, that it is without danger for the moment?
M. A lot less than elsewhere, in any case. Here, a free man is a man almost free, whereas in Europe there isn’t a free man.
G. And you believe that he can, that he will be able to remain that for a long time, almost free?
M. Probably. We will go back there, to the free man, because…we wouldn’t, we won’t become ants for the pleasure of becoming ants.

Figs. 1-5
©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris. All
rights reserved.

The Bride Achieves Ascendance Moments Before Orgasm, Even

“Voici La Mariée détachée de sa robe lubrifiée par les Huiles du Meurt bien appliquées. La Magneto-Libido resplendit de l’effort auprès de la descente de la Roue d’Excentricité sur l’Escalier Maladroit. Ou bien elle se reflette dans la quatrième dimension pour renverser son exploit aux
bons pêcheurs.”

[And now ladies and gentlemen, please welcome, the freed bride at once humorbidly lubricated
by the Magneto-Libido who revels in the fruits of his rigorous effort there beside the descent of the eccentric weal down the clumsy stair. Behold, the bride reflects her exploits through the fourth dimension
upon the humble sinnerman.]

For more movies,
please visit the web site: http://www.hungrybutscared.com.

Examining Evidence: Did Duchamp simply use a photograph of “tossed cubes” to create his 1925 Chess Poster?

Introduction


click to enlarge
Poster
for the Third French Chess
Championship
Figure 1
Marcel Duchamp, Poster
for the Third French Chess
Championship
,1925
Rhonda Roland Shearer Collection

Duchamp claimed that he created his 1925 Poster for the Third French Chess Championshipfrom a photograph (Fig. 1). Schwarz writes in his Catalogue Raisonné of Duchamp’s works (708):

To make this image, Duchamp tossed an “accumulation” of building blocks into a net bag, then photographed it, printing an enlargement of the picture that eliminated all details except the chance configuration of the blocks in the net. This enlargement was the basis for the final drawing in which he colored the cubes light pink and black. (1)

Duchamp’s explanation, which sounds direct, simple and plausible, was the basis for the final drawing in which he colored the cubes beige, pinkish brown and black.This explanation has also remained unchallenged by scholars. Francis Naumann writes: “The position of the cubes–their three visible sides colored black, white and beige–was determined, as Duchamp later explained,by tossing them into the air and taking a picture” (101, 103).(2)

If Duchamp’s positioning of the cubes in his 1925 Chess Poster came “readymade”from a photograph that he took of tumbling blocks in a net, then we should be able to take various camera lenses used in 1925, place cubes in the positions depicted, and be able to generate a “photograph”matching Duchamp’s poster.

We tried this experiment using computer modeling and animation software, and made a surprising discovery. In order to co-exist simultaneously in the spatial position that Duchamp depicts in his poster, the individual cubes that Duchamp photographed would have to have interpenetrating surfaces, edges and vertices–a completely different scenario and physical reality from Duchamp’s story of photographing free falling cubes.

Step 1 Look at the Poster itself


click to enlarge
Numbered diagram
Figure 2
Numbered diagram of the
Poster for the Third
French Chess Championship
(1925)
The Impossible T
ri-Bar
Figure 3
Oscar Reutersvärd,
The Impossible T
ri-Bar
, 1934

Examine Figure 2 and more specifically cube 2 or cube 11. The shapes of these cubes, as well as others, appear to be anomalous. In other words,these objects are not symmetrical cubes with six square sides, at right angles to each other and depicted with edges that follow all the rules of perspective, as would be captured by a photographic lens. Cube 2’s black top square appears smaller than the vertical length of its cream colored square, instead of the same size and symmetry as in our expectation and prior experience of cubes drawn in perspective. We note the same situation for cube 16. The pinkish brown cube’s vertical square (on the right side) seems taller than wide, when carefully compared to the shape of the top black square. The more you study these individual cubes by observation alone, even without test or measure, the more maddening the subtle feeling of contradiction becomes–from “yeah they’re cubes” to the eye, to “what the hell, something is wrong with these cube shapes when I compare the squares to each other more carefully”in the mind.

We noted the similarity between the shifting sense from distortion to regularity (or non-cubes to cubes) in Duchamp’s Chess Poster, and a class of optical illusions called “impossible figures” and named by Penrose and Penrose in the 1950s (R. R. Shearer, “Marcel Duchamp’s Impossible Bed and Other “Not” Readymade Objects,”Part I and Part II)(3)Impossible Figures, such as “The Impossible Tri-Bar” discovered by Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934, (See figure 3), characteristically capture us in a cycle of acceptance based on familiar visual cues, followed by a looping back to rejection resulting from nagging contradictory information. Then, after further mental examination, we again visually accept, but then again reject, what we see, ad infinitum. Nigel Rogers, in his book Incredible Optical Illusions, writes about the tri-bar figure: “All those sides appear to be perpendicular to each other and to form a neat, closed triangle. But when you add up the sums of their three right-angled corners, you reach a total of 270 degrees–that is 90 degrees more than is mathematically possible” (62). (4)

In other words,Reutersvärd squeezed into his representation (and into triangles themselves which, in Euclidean space, are defined as limited to 180 degrees) more degrees of freedom than would be allowed by real 3D space. The paradoxical positionings in Reutersvärd’s impossible cube drawings (1934, Fig. 4; 1934 Fig. 5; 1940 Fig.6) remind one of Duchamp’s 1925 chess poster cubes. In fig.5, as you look at the three cubes–you must ask how the two lower cubes can be equal in height at the bottom and of such different heights at the top, yet still be the same size all at the same time? Since Reutersvärd has been credited as the first discoverer and developer of Impossible Objects (before Escher in the 1950s), the chess poster indicates that Duchamp himself was actually first, having predated Reutersvärd by at least nine years. (Shearer previously argued that Duchamp’s impossible bed in the Apolinére Enameled work of 1916-17, indicates that Duchamp already understood the concept of impossible objects, and the optical illusions based upon them, eighteen years before Reutersvärd’s discovery in 1934 (see Shearer, Part I and Part II.)

click images to enlarge

  • Colored Drawing
    Figure 4
    Oscar Reutersvärd, Hommage à Bruno Ernst, perspective japonaise nº 293 a,
    Colored Drawing, 1934
  • Oscar Reutersvärd
    Figure 5
    Oscar Reutersvärd, Opus 1 nº 293 aa, 1934
  • Oscar Reutersvärd, opus 2B
    Figure 6
    Oscar Reutersvärd, opus 2B, 1940

Step 2 Place blocks in position
Using SoftImage 3D modeling and animation software as a tool, we placed 21 red/blue/green blocks, following the pattern of the falling cubes in Duchamp’s poster (see Fig. 7A, a video computer animation of our 3D model of red/blue/green shaded cubes, and Fig. 7B an illustration of our 3D model cubes in the places determined by Duchamp chess poster blocks).

  • click to see video animation
     animation of 21 red/blue/green
shaded cubes
    Figure 7A
    The computer animation of 21 red/blue/green
    shaded cubes following the pattern
    of the falling cubes in Duchamp’s poster
  • click images to enlarge
     3D
model cubes
    Figure 7B
    An illustration of our 3D
    model cubes in the places determined
    by Duchamp chess poster blocks

Step 3 Note and then characterize the differences in ten locations
The striking difference in relationships among cubes that we immediately saw when we tried to arrange our red/blue/green blocks into Duchamp’s beige/pinkish brown/black cubes, pattern shows the necessity for imbedding the cubes into each other. With this new arrangement, the odd distortions in the original poster disappeared (see Fig. 8A &Fig.8B, a video animation that circles ten embedded locations and then magnifies the circled area, both in the original poster, and in our 3D model arrangement for making comparisons, and a still image that can be enlarged for study.)

  • click to see video animation

    video animation
    Figure 8A
    A video animation that circles
    ten embedded locations and then
    magnifies the circled area,
    both in the original poster,
    and in our 3D model arrangement for comparisons

  • Click to enlarge

    still image from the
video animation
    Figure 8B
    A still image from the
    video animation that can
    be enlarged for study

Step 4 What Duchamp appears to be doing–hiding embedding points from the eye but not from the mind


click to enlarge
Circled area comparison
of blocks 15 and 16
Figure 9A
Circled area comparison
of blocks 15 and 16 from
both Duchamp’s Chess Poster
and 3D model
Video animation for the
comparison of blocks 15
and 16
Figure 9B
Video animation for the
comparison of blocks 15
and 16 in Duchamp’s
Chess Poster and 3D model

click images to enlarge


click to enlarge
numbered diagrams of Duchamp’s
Chess Poster
Figure 10
numbered diagrams of Duchamp’s
Chess Poster
Figure 11
Our numbered diagrams of Duchamp’s
Chess Poster
and of
our 3D model illustrate
specific alterations Duchamp
likely made which trick the eye
by use of false perspective cues
(cubes 15 and 16)

Refer to Figs. 9A and 9B, and to blocks 15 and 16, note the difference between the treatment of these two blocks in the original chess poster and our 3D model on the right. Block 15’s black top-surface in the original poster slices into cube 16 in the 3D model to the right. We learn from comparing Duchamp’s poster to our study model that to “hide” the embedding point of the right cube, Duchamp would only need to extend the brown square’s vertical lines, and to mirror the angle of the square’s top horizontal edge (Fig. 10). Duchamp repeats this approach throughout the poster, as revealed by our 3D model and animation sequence. Note cube 4 in Fig. 11, Cube 4’s top square has been extended and this indicates that the top of cube 4 was originally in front of cube 5 (as in the red/blue/green model now),whereas the final chess poster indicates that the top of cube 4 is behind cube 5. Duchamp’s creation of ambiguity in indicating which figure lies in front or in back represents an original variation upon other optical illusions. Duchamp himself had experimented with many sensory illusions, such as the convex/concave effect that switches back and forth in appearance–convex and near, to concave and therefore farther away. (Duchamp’s Female Fig Leaf and the cover of Surréalisme Même depict the same object.) However, one appears concave, which is the actual state of Duchamp’s object, whereas the convex image on the Journal cover is a retouched photograph with special lighting used to create the optical illusion that Duchamp’s concave object is convex (Figs.12A and B).

click images to enlarge

  • Female Fig Leaf
  •  Front cover of
Le Surréalisme, même I
  • Figure 12A
  • Figure 12B
  • Marcel Duchamp,
    Female Fig Leaf, 1950
  • Marcel Duchamp, Front cover of
    Le Surréalisme, même I (1956)


click to enlarge
Numbered diagram of the
Poster
Figure 13
Numbered diagram of the
Poster for the Third
French Chess Championship
(1925)

We found nothing in the literature of optical illusion that compares with Duchamp’s fascinating approach–that is, of actually embedding cubes together, and then altering them in slight but precise and systematic ways, so as to disguise his tamperings and fool our eyes into believing that several cubes are rationally seen behind others instead of in front (see cube 4 and 5), or that the cubes all have 90º angles (see cube 13) or equal straight edges (see cube 8), all in the same perspective view of one photograph. Partial cubes 18, 19, 20, and 21 were probably strategically placed in order to add to the overall instability of the eye and brain as they attempt to decipher the image. In particular, look at cube 8 and compare the angle and shape of the bottom square to the bigger front face. Note that the bottom edge is not parallel to the top edge above in the same square. Cube 8’s distortions cannot be attributed to a perspective rendering that matches any of the other cubes, or the overall scene (Fig. 13).

As in a baby’s game of peek-a-boo, where one comically switches from seeing with eyes to quick concealment (to what the mind can only see in memory or logic) Duchamp forces you to choose. Duchamp has only temporarily hidden the embedding points of the cube from our eyes (as our eyes accept and do not question his alterations of cubes into objects that are, in fact, no longer shaped like cubes). But he has not hidden this from our minds (which can move from intuition to measuring, and can rigorously detect departures of actual forms from ideal cubes).

Duchamp’s specific case of the Chess Poster, as its “deception” or optical illusion generally illustrates by direct experience, shows the failure of the retina to reveal reality or truth without the mind. (Philosophers from Helmholz to Thomas Kuhn have often used optical illusions as prototypical proofs for limitation of the eye and mind. In his Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), Thomas Kuhn famously refers to the content of revolutions in science, such as the change from a sun-centered solar system to an earth-centered cosmos, as both a mental and visual switch, as in our experience with optical illusions of gestalt figures. Kuhn essentially states that scientists who see only Rabbits before the revolution as in a Duck-Rabbit Gestalt figure will suddenly shift, in eye and mind, to seeing only Ducks in the very same places where only Rabbits were observed before (Fig.14). (5)

We believe that the ambiguous cubes in the Chess Poster represent more than Duchamp’s specific triumph in first creating a new class of optical illusion in 1925 (the phenomenon that only Penrose and Penrose later named in the 1950s). We suspect that Duchamp also viewed the creation of this poster as an experiment born of his larger and life-long enterprise in exploring “the beauty of the mind” or “grey matter”–especially as in used in chess, vs. the stupidity of using only the eye or “retina,” an approach that he often castigated.


click to enlarge
Duck-Rabbit Gestalt
Figure 14
Duck-Rabbit Gestalt

In addition to his analogy of chess, Duchamp also claimed that allegorical art (that is,art before “retinal” impressionism) had embraced mental beauty in both the artist and the spectator, for he stated that both shared equally in the creative act. In allegorical art, patterns establish a visual language of forms imbued with universal meanings that are mentally encoded by the artist and then, in turn, must be decoded by the spectator’s mind and eye–a much different experience, Duchamp insists, than that offered by retinal art and sensations in visual experience alone.

Chess itself, by Duchamp’s analogy, is similar to allegorical art because pattern emerges from a set of rules (now as moves in the form of combinations, not as a language of visual forms). Instead of being encoded by the artist and then decoded by the spectator alone, as in allegorical art, chess patterns, also meaningless without a knowledge of rules, require the mind to see combinations of moves, including actions of the opponent, who co-creates moves from within the exchanges between players that emerge in the continual application of these rules, and who must also, just as the spectator does in art, also actively decode physical data into mental meaning.

Just as the shape of the duck/rabbit captures in time [albeit unstably] both a duck and rabbit, physical reality can only hold one belief at a time. (That is, it can be a duck or rabbit.) Duchamp, we believe, capitalizes on the additional possibilities within opticalillusions–for, as representations (as we understand from the 270º of the ambiguous triangle that we recognize as a triangle, but in the physical and Euclidean world would be restricted to 180º) they can be stretched beyond conventional meanings or rules, and even left without full (or even correct) explanation, only to be grasped later by creative acts in spectator’s minds. These spectators now see the chess poster as built from cleverly distorted cubes that stay (for a delay) below the threshold of detection in the very same physical positions where a “readymade” unaltered action photograph of falling regular cubes was seen before.

Step 5 Thinking it over: Could it be that Duchamp is just a bad draftsman?

Our conventional belief that Duchamp’s Chess Poster depicts a set of falling cubes was based upon his claim that he took a photo of falling cubes, and then used the chance positions to create his poster. The geometric shapes that we see in the 1925 poster, perhaps also abetted by the context of chess squares on a chess board, supported a belief that we were looking at multiple cubes, as Duchamp said. (6)

To answer a question with a question, we could ask: is it reasonable to believe that Duchamp’s lack of talent as a draftsman coincidentally led to a consistent and systemic mistake–in other words, that he drew distorted cubes that all happened to become undistorted real cubes when embedded into each other?

It seems to us more reasonable to assume that Duchamp’s various distortions–for example his changing a cube to overlapping in back instead of its correct frontal position–were all used to disguise embedded or intersecting planes.In other words, Duchamp challenges us with objects (in this case cubes) that can appear totally random and free in space, but actually are not, if one uses one’s mind to see. Shearer and Gould’s paper on Duchamp’s Three Standard Stoppages (1913-14) presents another case of Duchamp’s use of randomness as a decoy that must be questioned and tested before the real story and facts can be seen with the mind.

This issue of whether or not a phenomenon is, in fact, random remains an important topic in probability, even today. For example, we believe that a coin toss or a lottery is random. However, we can know with a great degree of certainty that the flip or number is not random if someone wins 100 times in a row.Randomness, in fact, is a matter of testing the facts before you, whether you deal with a coin, a roulette wheel or a photograph of chance “falling cubes.”


click to enlarge
O.R. Croy’s photo trick
uses playing cards
Figure 15A
O.R. Croy’s photo trick
uses playing cards to
create the illusion of random, falling objects.
What is not seen behind
the image of O.R. Croy’s photo trick
Figure 15B
What is not seen behind
the image of O.R. Croy’s photo trick

In “The Secrets of Trick Photography” by O.R. Croy, we found the following entry that reminds us of Duchamp’s falling cubes (Figs. 15A and 15B). Under the title “The things you don’t see,” this section suggests that photo tricks, such as those seen in fig.15A, create a puzzle “because the way in which they were taken is not obvious.” Croy continues: “It is consequently good to make puzzling pictures of this kind from time to time because it is just as much trouble and excellent practice to the photographer to think out ways and means as it is for the observer to find out how the work was done.” (7) Fig. 15B exposes the trick of 15A. Croy mentions that either a sheet of glass or black background with black thread will work to disguise the supporting structure that creates the illusion.

Duchamp often used trick photography from the 1910s throughout the rest of his life (see Figs. 16A and 16B, two trick photographs. Fig. 16A is from 1917, where Duchamp himself appears as a ghost figure, a typical and popular photo trick of that era. Fig. 16B is the 1945 View cover that Duchamp worked to create trick photographic effects. (Also recall the trick photo showing the Female Fig Leaf of 1950 as a convex figure).
 
 
 
 

  • Studio photogaph
  • Cover of View magazine
  • Figure 16A
  • Figure 16B
  • Studio photogaph (1916-17) appears to have a ghostly
    figure of Duchamp,a common and popular photo trick at the time.
  • Cover of View magazine(1945) is a later example of Duchamp’s
    use of trick photography in his work.

Step 6 Considering Alternative Hypotheses

We’ve all heard that if it looks like a duck, quacks like a duck, walks like a duck then it’s a duck. And yet Kuhn told the world that, even in factually based science, a duck can suddenly be seen, metaphorically speaking, as a rabbit. This seems to be a fundamental aspect of the


Click to see video animation
Video animation utilizing
irregular polyhedra shapes
Figure 17
Video animation utilizing
irregular polyhedra shapes instead
of regular cubes to match with
the “cube-like”
shapes in the Chess Poster

creative act–the experience of a new factual reality emerging after discovery. Duchamp, throughout his career, promoted the notion that the spectator must play a 50% role in the creative act. Creating objects that instinctually included the shock of a challenge to factual reality, but that stayed in delay until spectators used their minds to see the mental beauty, seems consistent with Duchamp’s stated goals and purposes indeed.

Suppose however that Duchamp did not use actual cubes to create his poster, what would be the alternative?

We have a second experiment, seen in Fig. 17‘s video animation, where we take irregular polyhedra shapes instead of regular cubes, and then match what we see in the poster. (See Fig. 17‘s video animation that shows the amusing results.)

Notes
Footnote Return 1. Arturo Schwarz, Complete Works of Marcel Duchamp, revised and expanded paperback edition
(New York: Delano Greenidge Editions, 2000) 708.

Footnote Return 2. Francis M. Naumann, Marcel Duchamp: the Art of Making Art in the Age of Mechanical
Reproduction
(Ghent, Amsterdam: Ludion Press, 1999) 101, 103.

Footnote Return 3. Rhonda R. Shearer, “Marcel Duchamp’s Impossible Bed and Other “Not” Readymade Objects:
A Possible Route of Influence From Art To Science,” Part I & II, Art and Academe 10,1 & 2 (Fall 1997; Fall 1998).

Footnote Return 4. Nigel Rodger, Incredible Optical Illusions: A Spectacular Journey through the World of the Impossible
(London: Quarto, Inc., 1998) 62.

Footnote Return 5. Thomas Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).

Footnote Return 6. Arturo Schwarz, Complete Works of Marcel Duchamp (2000) 708.

Footnote Return 7. O.R. Croy, The Secrets of Trick Photography (Boston, MA: American Photographic Publishing Co., 1937) 128.

Figs. 1, 2, 4, 7A, 9B, 10, 11, 12A, 12B, 13, 16A, 16B
©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris. All rights reserved.

Rarity from 1944: A Facsimile of Duchamp’s Glass


click to enlarge

Figure 1
Marcel Duchamp,front
cover for View

Introduction

by Thomas Girst

On the last page of Charles Henri Ford’s View (Fig.1) magazine of March 1945 (vol. 5, no. 1), an issue entirely dedicated to Marcel Duchamp, who designed both the front and the back cover, the attentive reader may come across an advertisement (Fig.2) placed left of Duchamp’s famous double portrait (Fig.3) showing the an-artist at both 35 and the then imaginary age of 85.

click images to enlarge


  • Figure 2

  • Figure 3

  • Figure 4

  • Advertisment in View magazine, vol. 5, no. 1 (March 1945), p. 54 (detail)

  • Marcel Duchamp at the age of 35 and 85, in View, p. 54 (detail)

  • Front cover for Duchamp’s Glass, La Marieé mise à nu par ses célibataires,
    même: An Analytical Reflection
    , 1944

The small ad draws attention to the then recently published book by both the rich art patron and collector Katherine S. Dreier as well as the Chilean-born Surrealist painter Roberto Matta Echaurren: Duchamp’s Glass, La Marieé mise à nu par ses célibataires, même: An Analytical Reflection. (Fig.4) The slim ring-bound volume distributed by Wittenborn and Company, was published in May 1944, in an edition of only 250 copies, by the Société Anonyme, Inc. / Museum of Modern Art, New York.


click to enlarge

Figure 5
Marcel Duchamp, Front
cover for Minotaure,
ser. 2, no. 6
(December 1934)

Figure 6
Marcel Duchamp,
The Bride Stripped
Bare by Her Bachelors,
Even
,1915-23

Besides André Breton’s essay “Phare de la Mariée” (or “Lighthouse of the Bride”), first published in French in an issue of Minotaure(Fig.5) in December 1934 ( Paris; ser. 2, no. 6, Winter 1935, cover design: Marcel Duchamp), Dreier’s and Matta’s writing is only the second text and the very first monograph to discuss Duchamp’s major work, The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (1915-1923) (Fig.6) at length and the very first one to appear in English on the subject matter. Breton’s essay appeared in book form not until 1945, within a revised and enlarged edition of Le Surréalisme et la peinture(New York: Brentano’s), a collection of his theoretical writings on painting. An English version did not appear until that same year, within aforementioned issue of View magazine and most likely translated by Charles Henri Ford himself.

Unlike Breton at the time he first wrote his essay, mostly working from an early exhibition photograph (taken when the Large Glass was first shown at the Brooklyn Museum’s International Exhibition of Modern Art Assembled by the Société Anonyme, New York, November 19, 1926 – January 1, 1927; the only time it was exhibited without the cracks) as well as Duchamp’s notes on his Glass published in the Green Box, (Fig.7) both Matta and Dreier had the opportunity to study the Large Glass in the original. Owned by Katherine Dreier and located at her home in West Redding, Connecticut, it was shipped there after its exhibition in early 1927 when it shattered into hundreds of pieces during the transport. It was repaired by Duchamp only about ten years later when he leaves Paris for New York during trip to the US in 1936. (Fig.8) The repaired Glass remains in Dreier’s living room until 1944 until it is brought to her house in Milford. Connecticut, where it is placed before a window between April 1946 to January 1953. In July 1957, under the supervision of Duchamp, it is permanently installed at the Philadelphia Museum of Art where it remains to this day.

click images to enlarge

  • Figure 7
  • Figure 8
  • Figure 9
  • Marcel Duchamp, Front
    cover of the Green Box
    [deluxe edition],1934
  • Photograph of Katherine
    Dreier and Duchamp at her
    home in West Redding, Connecticut,1936
  • Marcel Duchamp,
    The Passage from Virgin
    to Bride
    , 1912

Together with Man Ray and Marcel Duchamp, Katherine S. Dreier (1877-1952), herself an artist, had founded the Société Anonyme, the first museum in America devoted to modern art, a subject on which she frequently wrote. Matta (*1911) came to New York in 1939 and after stumbling upon a reproduction of Duchamp’s The Passage from Virgin to Bride (Fig.9) became infatuated with the older artist who soon thought of Matta to be “the most profound painter of his generation.”

The second paragraph of Duchamp’s Glass reads in full: “The essential principles of human consciousness cannot be grasped until we abandon the psychological attitude of conceiving the image as a petrified thing or object; the result of emphasizing the external vision, which is rarely related to perception. The image is not a thing. It is an act which must be completed by the spectator [my italics]. In order to be fully conscious of the phenomenon which the image describes, we ourselves must first of all fulfill the act of dynamic perception.” Here in this pamphlet, the only known collaboration between Dreier and Matta, a crucial concept of Duchamp is introduced for the very first time. Only years later, in April 1957, the artist himself would elaborate further on the importance of the onlooker during his well-known “The Creative Act,” a brief talk given to the American Federation of Arts Convention in Houston. Within it, he states “the two poles of the creation of art: the artist on one hand, and on the other the spectator who later becomes the posterity.” He concludes that “the creative act is not performed by the artist alone. The spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act.”

In this context, it is interesting to note that in 1926, during the Large Glass‘s exhibition in Brooklyn, the Surrealist dealer Julien Levy had apparently noted Duchamp’s later dictum of the fusion of artist and spectator on a mere physical level, remarking upon his initial encounter with this major work: “When I first saw the large glass […] I was fascinated, not merely by the work itself,


click to enlarge

Figure 10
Roberto Matta Echaurren, The
Bachelors Twenty Years
After
, 1943

but by the numerous transformations which were lent the composition by its accidental background, by the spectators who passed through the museum behind the glass I was regarding.” (Julian Levy, “Duchampiana,” in: View V, 1 (March 1945), pp. 33-34, p. 34)

Besides three photographs of the Large Glass, a black and white reproduction of Matta’s 1943 paining The Bachelors Twenty Years After (Fig.10) is also included in the 16 page volume, directly incorporating the cracks within. So without further ado, feel free to browse through a scanned version of the scarce original:

Click to browse through

Figs. 1, 3, 5-7, 9

©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris.
All rights reserved.

Marcel Duchamp and the Museum of Forgery

When I was in high school, I fell for awhile under the spell of the curious life and work of the Dutch forger Hans van Meegeren. I was particularly struck by how the forger’s art is simultaneously self-aggrandizing and self-effacing, selfish and generous, bold and timid. This early entrancement opened into a broader fascination with dubious artworks of all kinds, especially those that floated on the borders of acceptability–misattributed works, “school of” works, authorized copies, partial fakes, restored works, and so on.

Eventually it occurred to me that the world needed a museum devoted entirely to the subject of forgery. I was thinking of something on the scale of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where all of the world’s most interesting forgeries and fakes, as well as contested works, could find a home. There the works that are normally banished to the basement and the scholar’s office would be displayed in public as rightful exhibits in the great ongoing debate over what constitutes art and how we assign value to objects. At the same time, I realized that very likely no one would ever found such a museum, filled as it would be with works that most people consider valueless and shameful.

In the late 1980s, after the museum idea had lain dormant for awhile, I started using computers as part of my art-making process, and the deceptively simple fact that copies of digital files are perfectly identical to their originals started me thinking again about the relationship between reproduction and value. Around the same time, I happened to be reading Gianfranco Baruchello and Henry Martin’s wonderful book Why Duchamp? and mulling over what is involved in asserting that something is or is not a work of art. It came to me that it would be truer to the paradoxical nature of a museum of forgery if such an institution were dedicated to the practice rather than simply the display of forgery, and I decided to found my own Museum of Forgery along such lines. Display of forgery within the museum raises questions about where the boundary between authentic and inauthentic lies but accepts the idea of the boundary, while practice of forgery within the museum erases that boundary by asserting a fundamental identity between the museum and that which the museum rejects.

A great part of what museums still have to offer of unique value is their institutional authority, a point that Marcel Broodthaers took long ago when he created the Museum of the Eagle. This enduring authority is a second reason why I founded a museum instead of, say, doing a series of projects about forgery. Being the director of a museum gave me a way to speak and be heard on so tendentious a subject as forgery. In this, as in many other aspects, the Museum of Forgery is a child of Marcel Duchamp: it nominated itself as a museum despite the fact that by many definitions it does not belong in that category at all.


Click to go to page

Figure 1
Josef Albers: Studies in
Transmitted Light
, 1993,
generic posthumous
albers. A series of digital
works created especially for
the Museum of Forgery to
extend Josef Albers’ reflected
-light color studies into the
realm of transmitted light.
Each image is a study in the
color properties of transmitted
light viewable through such devices
as computer monitors.

In other ways, too, the Museum of Forgery is both museum and anti-museum. It has a permanent collection some of which is now digital, which is to say that a substantial portion of its collection consists of items that are neither objects nor singular. The Museum of Forgery’s first all-digital project was Studies in Transmitted Light, a series of color studies extending Josef Albers’s work with color in reflected-light media, such as paint, to the very different realm of transmitted-light media, such as monitors. (Fig. 1) There is not only no reason to output these works in the realm of material media–say, as paper-based prints–there is every reason not to do so.

What physical collection the Museum has is dispersed; indeed, the Museum has never had a single physical location of any kind where it could be visited. Like most institutions, it is largely façade-a name with a mailing address or, more recently, an Internet address. It isn’t even quite right to say that you can visit it on the web-it would be by loading itself into your browser.(1)

Duchamp the Forger

As the Museum of Forgery unfolded bit by bit, it became clear that one of its chief lines of inquiry was going to be what I loosely call nominalism–artworks in which the primary activity is attaching a new name to something. In semiotic terms, this art of renaming always disrupts an understood link between signifier and signified. In the simplest sense, all art is nominalist: when the artist attaches her signature in the corner, the painting of a landscape becomes no longer “a landscape” but “an O’Keeffe.” The signature bears witness to the creator’s existence, and in doing so elides the distinction between artwork and artist. Both are “an O’Keeffe.” (2)

Forgery, on the other hand, twists the function of the signature, forcing it to bear witness to the actual creator’s absence by pointing to some other more famous person, the creator. Forgers accept that what is key is not who actually created the work but what name is attached to the work (to put it in market terms, they understand the importance of name branding). From this perspective, Marcel Duchamp is more easily understood as a forger than an artist, or perhaps as the first person to really bridge these traditionally opposed fields. Forgery has varying definitions, but most fundamentally it is that-which-is-not-art. However much it may resemble art, it is absolutely excluded from being art. The forger’s object is to pass these absolutely excluded objects into the field of art under the flag of the signature. This effort can never wholly succeed because forgeries have only two ontological statuses: valueless-because-known-as-forgery, and valuable-because-not-yet-exposed. The missing third category is valuable-even-though-exposed; and it is with this category that Duchamp made great play.(3)

When Duchamp attached the name art to various ready-made items by means of the secondary name (signature) Duchamp, he was following the method of the forger. These nominations of ordinary objects as art were a kind of up-front forgery in that they attempted to pass off something understood to be worthless (in the context of art) as something valuable. Duchamp’s method of forgery was unique in several respects. In the first place, even as Duchamp accepted the preeminence of his signature as that which gave the work value, he used it to point away from itself. His nominations tend to cast the emphasis back onto that to which his signature is attached: the thing chosen (a urinal!) tends to displace the act of signing (nominated by Duchamp). In the case of most forgery, by contrast, the signature (a Leonardo!) is enormously more important than the work signed (a painting of something-or-other).

In the second place, he worked in the open, thus unlinking the idea of forgery from the necessity of deceit. In this respect he worked in a mode made so familiar to us by corporate capitalism as to be almost invisible: he attached his brand name Duchamp to an otherwise ordinary object that was actually the product of someone else’s labor. In his work with ready-mades, Duchamp essentially created a new market for a few existing products, and part of his genius lay in recognizing and treating the art world as a modern market–not just a place where artworks were marketed (as it already was), but a place where works of any kind could be marketed as art.

In the third place, Duchamp forged himself. The usual forger forges someone else; that is, nominates one of her own works as a Leonardo or a Picasso. The forger thus appropriates someone else’s name to her own object. Duchamp, however, appropriated someone else’s object to his own name; or, to look at it the other way around, expropriated his name to someone else’s object. Thus, all of his ready-mades were forged Duchamps in the same sense that Van Meegeren’s paintings were forged Vermeers. In both cases the signature does not correspond to the creator of the object.

Excessioning

In selecting works to bear his signature, Duchamp also opened a new line of thinking in which affinity with the work selected becomes more important than the mode of its creation. As in the bulk of his other work, he points away from the reigning mythology centered on “the hand of the artist.” In this also he has something in common with forgers, who must of necessity imitate the hand of particular artists but whose very attempt to do so asserts that the chosen hand is not unique (because imitable) and therefore not worth the supreme value assigned to it.


click to enlarge
Click to go to page

Figure 2
Invasion of the Body
Snatchers, Piazza S.
Gaetano, Naples, 1958/1992,
29 x 21 cm, generic baldessari.
A work commissioned by the Museum
of Forgery and contributed to
the oeuvre of John Baldessari.

The idea of looking at the relationship of artist to artwork as one of affinity rather than production was the spur that led me to form the Museum of Forgery’s Excessioning Program. Under this program, new works are attributed to the oeuvres of appropriate artists, living or dead, regardless of who actually created them. The Museum of Forgery has created (or commissioned) works “by” Marcel Duchamp, Josef Albers, and John Baldessari, among others, as part of its Excessioning Program (Fig. 2).

Just as it sounds, excessioning is an inversion of the normal museum activity of accessioning, reflecting a fundamentally outward orientation, a movement away from the museum itself. By contrast, the existing word de-accessioning reflects the inward orientation of traditional museums: de-accessioning can only be a secondary activity, subordinate to the primary activity of collecting (accessioning). The underlying impulse behind excessioning is to recover a sense of both generosity and honesty in the way artworks are categorized and discussed. Works that are part of a particular aesthetic-a duchampian aesthetic or an albersian aesthetic-are explicitly recognized as such, in contrast to the usual art world practice of concealing and minimizing a new work’s resemblance to its predecessors. (4)

The Excessioning Program models itself on the larger social practice by which well-known trademarks, like Kleenex or Band-Aid, eventually pass into common vocabulary as generic nouns–small-k kleenex–despite intensive and prolonged efforts by the parent companies to prevent this. Manufacturers may be forced by law to use ugly circumlocutions like “facial tissue” on their boxes, but the rest of the world just asks for a kleenex. Similarly, Mona Lisathe brand-name Leonardo has given way to “mona lisa,” a generic that includes Duchamp’s many variations on L.H.O.O.Q. (Parenthetically, it is interesting that Duchamp’s guess that any artwork has a meaningful life span of about 30 years is not far off the patentable life of a commercial product.)


click to enlarge
Click to go to page

Figure 3
Shark’s Pocket, 1992,
11 x 17 x 2 cm overall, generic
posthumous duchamp. A shark’s pocket
made of genuine faux sealskin and
contributed by the Museum of
Forgery to the oeuvre of Marcel Duchamp.
This work is currently on extended
loan to the Museum of the Double.

Similarly, small-d duchamps are generically all those works of art that belong to the aesthetic pool Duchamp himself started. An early Museum of Forgery project was the Shark’s Pocket, a small object of faux sealskin shaped exactly like an ordinary pants pocket (Fig. 3). It has been sewn closed, and concealed inside is a mystery item, the answer to a question I asked myself one day: if sharks had pockets, what would they carry in them? Once it was created, the affinity with Duchamp’s 1916 workWith Hidden Noise and the general absurdity of the premise led me to declare it a generic duchamp.

In the years since I founded the Excessioning Program, I’ve noticed the idea of generics popping up in other contexts–not, I think, as a result of the Museum’s activities so much as a general effect of zeitgeist. I recently heard an artist refer to something she had just made as a “cornell box” and knew instantly what kind of thing she meant. And anyone who has read William Gibson’s 1987 cyberpunk novel Count Zero will remember the artificial intelligence that spends its time making small-c cornell boxes which others then pass off–for large sums of money–as large-C Cornell boxes.

Generics, as the Museum calls the fruits of its Excessioning Program, reflect the cultural shift towards the privileging of information over objects. A duchampian generic is essentially a transmission vector for some of Duchamp’s ideas, which are more important and enduring than any single one of his works. Indeed, even traditional art museums today are less object repositories and sites of pilgrimage than culture transmitters and sites of shopping. In sponsoring manifold replications, from postcards to coffee mugs to replica jewelry, museums function as memetic factories. The vermiform collection exists not to be visited so much as to be reproduced. Museums have become little more than businesses whose primary product is art spin-offs, with large showrooms where their very handsome product templates are tastefully displayed.

Do-It-Yourself Forgeries

It is in part because our attention is currently focused on reproduction in all its varieties that the Internet and other digital media are displacing the museum and the gallery as loci of art activity. In the computer, originals and copies no longer mark out opposite ends of a fixed spectrum but define something more like a field with points of attraction but without fixed positions. The computer is the realm of the original copy, the simulated original, the multiple singularity, the infinite variation.

Duchamp’s L.H.O.O.Q. works prefigure the fluid metamorphoses of digital art, the return to a practice centered on themes and (valuable) variations rather than originals and (degraded) copies. At one point, he took a group of ordinary postcard reproductions of the Mona Lisa and entitled them L.H.O.O.Q. Rasée (Shaved L.H.O.O.Q.), thus implicitly declaring the Leonardo Mona Lisa a modified version of his own L.H.O.O.Q. Duchamp’s work thus became, by an act of temporal transubstantiation, the original, and Leonardo’s the incomplete copy.

These and other Duchampian projects–such as the authorized Bicycle Wheel replicas–prefigure two other areas of Museum activity, authorized forgeries (Fig. 4) and do-it-yourself forgeries. In order to encourage forgery as a practice the Museum publishes step-by-step directions for re-creating existing artworks. One such DIY project, The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart, can be found on the Museum’s web site (Fig. 5). At the same time, the instructions are loose enough to leave scope for individual variation, as a way of encouraging a new aesthetic of close copies. In Western art since the rise of individualism, it has been impossible for an aesthetic of close copying and subtle variation to arise; close copies are consistently devalued with such terms as “forgery,” “student work,” or just plain “copy.” The DIY forgeries attempt to reclaim the practice of copying by harnessing it to the popular do-it-yourself movement. Although in some respects both nostalgic and a product of mass-marketing–a typically American contradiction–the DIY movement does reflect an underlying belief in experimentation and a championship of making over buying. (5)Paradoxically, creating a do-it-yourself forgery brings the maker much closer to the practice of art than buying a Van Gogh poster in a museum ever could.

click images to enlarge

  • Figure 4
  • Figure 5
  • Snotrags,ca. 1992, approx.
    10 x 20 in. overall (not including instructions).
    An authorized forgery created by
    Yolande McKay for the Museum of
    Forgery, this work also doubles as
    a kind of prototype for a do-it-yourself
    forgery since it includes an
    instruction sheet for making one’s
    own version of the piece.
    The instructions read in part: “Only
    a sick person can complete
    this forgery….blow your nose or in
    some other projectile manner
    apply mucoid matter to snotrag
    provided….apply forged
    signature with small brush and paint.”
  • Slem Joost, The Labyrinth
    of the World and the Paradise
    of the Heart
    , 1992/93,
    24 x 32 x 10.5 cm, mixed media.
    The original of this do-it-yoursel
    fforgery was created by Joost,
    a Dutch artist, under the
    inspiration of a poem by the
    French poet Guillaume Apollinaire.

The Museum of Forgery is now just a decade old. It quite often happens that someone will write the Museum asking to be taught how to counterfeit money or fake antique furniture (apparently without any anxiety over the fact that this might be an indiscreet question to put to a complete stranger). And each time I get such an inquiry, I am reminded again of just how tempting it is to believe that what you see is what you get: despite the evidence of its web site, the Museum of Forgery must be simply what it says it is. In this new age of WYSIWYG (6)everything, the real problem remains the same as ever: what you assume is what you get.


Notes
Work Cited:
Baruchello, Gianfranco and Henry Martin,Why Duchamp? (New York: McPherson, 1985).

1. The Museum of Forgery’s web address is http://yin.arts.uci.edu/~mof/index.html.

2. Formerly, this relationship was made explicit by following the painter’s name with the verbs pinxit or fecit–X painted (made) this therefore X was here-but in current practice, the signature alone stands in for the statement. It has long been common to refer to particular pieces in an artist’s oeuvre as signature works, these being the works considered most characteristic of the artist, and thus most credible as mute witnesses to being.

3. There is a fourth category, of course: valueless-although-not-yet-exposed. Although interesting in its own right, it lies somewhat outside the current discussion.

4. A secondary impulse is to extend the terrain that is open to exploration by artists. As matters now stand, in the futile quest for novelty, large areas of the Library of Form are roped off and marked with no-trespassing signs: Property of Brand-Name-Artist X, Keep Out. In some cases the boundaries are enforced by law (especially copyright law), but in many cases the prohibitions are self-enforced by artists who recognize that, as the game is currently played, it is professional suicide to become known as an “imitator” or “follower” of Brand-Name-Artist X.

5. Although the belief in experimentation is duchampian, the elevation of creating over buying is distinctly un-duchampian.

6. [Editor’s note:] Short for “what you see is what you get.”

Duchamp et Jarry ou l’inverse

Vous ne trouvez ci-après que les lieus où ont été trouvées les citations.Il est à vous de construire les relations–clairement objectives – entre les citations, comme pour le jeu des sept familles.

CITATION I

‘Pourquoi chacun affirme-t-il que la forme d’une montre est ronde, ce qui est manifestement faux, puisqu’on lui voit de profil une figure rectangulaire étroite, elliptique de trois quarts, et pourquoi diable n’a-t-on noté sa forme qu’au moment où l’on regarde l’heure ?”

Alfred Jarry, Gestes et opinions du docteur Faustroll, pataphysicien;Livre IIa, éléments de pataphysique ; VII Définition (Œuvres complètes tome I, La Pléiade, 1972, p. 699)

 
CITATION II

“M. et Mme Bonhomme (Jaques) … élisant domicile en mon étude et encore à la mairie du Qe arrondissement.” Il s’agit du cabinet de René-Isidore Panmuphle, HUISSIER.””

Alfred Jarry, Gestes et opinions du docteur Faustroll, pataphysicienLivre premier, Procédure (Œuvres complètes tome I, La Pléiade, 1972, p.657, p. 662) Dans certaines villes, comme à Utrecht aux Pays-Bas, l’administration Napoléonienne à introduit des lettres pour identifier les arrondissements.

CITATION III

“Nosocome, Interne des hôpitaux, actuellement soldat de deuxième classe au Qe de ligne.”

Alfred Jarry, Les Jours et les Nuits (Œuvres complètes tome I, La Pléiade, 1972, p. 776)

CITATION IV

“La Pendule de profil”

Marcel Duchamp, La mariée mise à nu par ses célibataires, même (la “boîte verte”); Lois, principes, phéno-mènes. Plus tard Duchamp ajoutait “Si une pendule est vue de côté, elle ne donne plus l’heure”(Ibid.).Duchamp a construit une pendule de papier pour l’édition de luxe du livre de Robert Lebel, La Double Vue, suivi de l’Inventeur du temps gratuity (Paris, 1964).


click to enlarge
The
Clock in Profile
Figure 1
Marcel Duchamp, The
Clock in Profile
, 1964
Note from
the Box of 1914
Figure 2
Marcel Duchamp, Note from
the Box of 1914, 1914
L.H.O.O.Q.
Figure 3
Marcel Duchamp,
L.H.O.O.Q., 1919

CITATION V
arrhe = merdreart merde”
La comparaison mathématique de Duchamp se trouve dans la Boîte de 1914. Le mot Merdre est le premier mot d’Ubu roi de Jarry.

CITATION VI

“L.H.O.O.Q.”

“J’écrivis quatre [sic] initiales [au dos de la Joconde] qui, prononcées en français, composent une plaisanterie très osée sur la Joconde” Marcel Duchamp, A propos de moi-même.

CITATION VII

L’ Attente
L’ Envie
L’ Amour
L’ Argent

“Mais ce qui, pour Nadja, fait l’intérêt principal de la page, sans que j’arrive à lui faire dire pourquoi, est la forme calligraphique des L.”est une question non posée par Breton à Nadja à propos d’un brouillon de Nadja.” André Breton dans: Nadja (Œuvres complètes tome I, La Pléiade, 1988, p. 710 et aussi p. 725 et p. 1550).

CITATION VIII

“ARR ist keine Abkürzung sondern ein Urlaut. Immer wenn ein junges Mädchen vorbeiging, reagierte Kurt mit diesem Urlaut … Soviel ich weiss ist nichts über Kurt Schwitters’ Arr-Komplex geschrieben worden.” Kate Steinitz, Kurt Schwitters (Zurich, 1963; “Arr” est prononcé comme “arrth.”)
 
Il est certain : Duchamp a lu Jarry, Breton a lu Jarry et Breton a connu Duchamp. Les citations ci-dessus ne sont pas forcément la preuve que Duchamp a lu les pages de Jarry où apparaît le Q ou l’horloge, ou que Breton se réfère dans Nadja au L de L.H.O.O.Q. Les citations démontrent
peut-être seulement un `Humour de Lycéen’ partagé par les quatre écrivains.

Figs. 1-3
©2002 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris.
All rights reserved.